nta 9. bfhLfgLs k khia bfhL fiuriy

jahJ mfiur tofLj jikia bfhL vtif fiur vgjid flj. nehf :

bfhLfgLs k khia bfhL fiuriy jahJ mfiur tofLj jikia bfhL vtif fiur vgjid flj.

njitgL bghUf : bfhLfgl k kh, Kfit, , tojh, nrhjidFHh, fzhoF, nrhjidFHh, jh, d

brKiw :

nrhjid fhgd mtd

Kfit 50 .. + bfhLfgLs k kh + fyf

+ tojh bfhL tofLj

tojh J fiubghU Jff jFtiy.

mfiur cik

fiuryhF.

tojh J fiubghU Jff jFwd.

mfiur bjhfyhF.

Ko :

bfhLfgLs k kh __________ cUthFwJ. (cikfiuriy / bjhfiy)

10. fha ienu fiurYF, bghlha mnahilL

fiurYF ilna fG id tifia flaj. nehf :

fha ienu fiurYF, bghlha mnahilL

fiurYF ilna fG id tifia flaj.

njitahd bghUf : nrhjidFHh, nrhjidFHh jh, fha ienu fiur kW

bghlha mnahilL fiur.

brKiw : nrhjidFHh A,B 3 .. j fha ienu fiur kW bghlha mnahilL fiuriy vLJ bfhL, uia

xwhf nrJ eF fy, wkhwij ftJ mltizgLjgLwJ.

fhgf :

brtd fhgd mtd uL fiuriy

nrF KD nrj wkhwij ftf

wkw fiur, kr w gothf khWwJ

uil ij id

(uil lbga

id)

Ko :

fha ienu fiurYF, bghlha mnahilL fiurYF

ilana ftJ_________idahF. (uil ij/ uil lbga).

11. bfhLfgLs kh fiur mykh / fhukh vgij flj nehf :

bfhLfgLs kh fiur mykh / fhukh vgij flj

njitahd bghUf : bfhLfgl kh fiur, dhj, bk MuR, nrhoa fhgnd c, Jjehf JUt, nrhjidFHh

brKiw :

t.v nrhjid fhgd mtd

1 5 .. kh fiur + yJ dhj

2 5 .. kh fiur + yJ bk MuR

3 5 .. kh fiur + js nrhoa fhgnd c

4 5 .. kh fiur + js Jjehf JUt

Ko:

bfhLfgLs kh fiur _______ ( my / fhu) il:

t.v my fhu

1. wkwJ st

2. st kr

3. EiuJ bghFwJ EiuJ bghFtiy

4. Ff btnaWwJ Ff btnaWtiy

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12. bfhLfgLs uL kh fiur A ,B

jikia pH jhid bfhL flj nehf:

bfhLfgLs uL kh fiur A ,B jikia pH jhid bfhL flj njitahdit:

kh fiur A ,B, pH jh, fzhoF, wf brKiw:

pH jhis xU wf itf. fzhoFia

bfhL xbthU kh fiur UJ xUy Jfis pH jh btntW lf itf. xbthU khf cUthd

pH jh wij pH mltizia bfhL xL pH k mltizgLjgLwJ.

mltiz:

t.v

kh

fiur

fhgd

mtd w

njhuha

khd pH- k

1 A

2 B

Ko: bfhLfgLs kh fiur

A- _______ csJ.

B- _______ csJ.

il

kh fiur

w

njhuha

khd pH- k

mtd

A (iAnuh Fnshmy)

s t

1 my

B (nrhoa iAuhi[L)

y 11 fhu

aa 13. UF msia bfhL bfhLfgl ehza

jokid fhz nehf :

UF msia bfhL bfhLfgl ehza jokid fhz njitahd fUf : UF ms , %g ehza. Nu :

ilu

ws = -------------------------- jiynfh bkhj f

jok = nfh ms + ( jiynfh x X ws ) RUj

brKiw : UF ms ws, RiH fhzgLwJ. bfhLfgl ehzaij UF ms KffSilna itJ bkikahf gWkhW bghUjntL. nfh msit jiynfh nfh mnrhL bghUJ msit fL mltiz FfgLwJ. ehza jok PSR + (HSC X LC) Z.C. nj ngh ehza gy lf UF ms bghU gymsLf fL mltiz FfntL. t ruhr ehza jokdhF.

mltiz: ilu =1 ws = 1/100 = 0.01 . RiH = RUj =

t.

v

nfh ms

P.S.R. ..

jiynfh x

H.S.C. ()

jiynfh ms

H.S.C.xL.C ..

bkhj ms

P.S.R. + (H.S.C. xL.C.) ZC

..

1.

2

3

4

5

ruhr=

Ko:

bfhLfgl ehza jok = __________ ..

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14. bfhLfgl fl jilia flJ X-

ia bkj. nehf :

bfhLfgl fl jilia flJ X- ia bkj.

njitahd fUf : jil f, ml, nth l, aF _y, rh, iz ff.

Nu:

f jil R = V / I X V - f KidfSilna dGj ntWghL nth

I - f gh ndhl (Ma)

RWgl:

brKiw: gl fhosgo jil fhz ntoa f,

aFir _y, ml, rh Matiw bjhluhf, nth liu gf iz izJ Rid cUthf ntL.

aFir _y 2 V ms itJ, ml, nth l msfis mltiz FJ bfhs. nj ngh,

aFir _y kh 4 V, 6 V & 8 V ms itf ml, nth

l msfis mltiz FJ bfhs. V/I kig

fzL ruhr fhz. Jnt bfhLfgl f jil R MF.

mltiz:

t.

v.

R gh

dGj (nth)

f gh ndhl

I (Ma)

f KidfSilna

dGj ntWghL

V (nth)

f jil

R = V/ I (X)

1. 2 2. 4 3. 6 4. 8

f ruhr jil (R) =

tiugl Kiw :

mltiz UJ I kW V fhdkfis tiugljh Ff. mfgr fis xnu nenfhlh

izf. mnfho P kW Q fis njbjLJ rhid flj ntL. rhnt bfhLfgl f

jil (R) MF.

QM V2-V1 rh = ----- = ------

MP I2-I1

Ko :

1. bfhLfgl f jil (fzL Kiw) = ________ X.

2. bfhLfgl f jil (tiugl Kiw) = ________ X. 3. f jil MdJ mf tna gh midJ

ndhl kfSF rk. I kW V tiugl nenfhlhdJ M tna brwJ. Mfnt J X ia bkwJ.

15. bfhLfgl Fby Fauij (m)

bjhiybghU Kiw (M) u-v Kiw fhz nehf :

bfhLfgl Fby Fauij

(m) bjhiybghU Kiw (M) u-v Kiw fhz

njitahd fUf : FbyR, byR jh, btisiu, l msnfh, xlgl f tiy

Nu: uv

u-v Kiw Fby Fau f= ------- br. .

u + v

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brKiw bjhiybghU Kiw : bfhLfgl Fbyir jh bghU bjhiybghUis (ku myJ fol) neh itfntL. by kWw btisiuid itJ KD, D ef a, jiyHhd bjthd gij bgwntL. FbyF iuF cs bjhiyid msf ntL. J Fby Fau MF.

u-v Kiw : (1) Fbyir jh bghU xlgl ftiy K Fl bjhiy itfntL. (2) iuia KD, D ef bjthd gij bgw ntL.

u kghdJ f & 2f kF ilna uL kfS, 2f F nkny uL kfS nj bra. (3) by kWw iuia ef r brJ bjthd gij

bgwntL. u k 2f I l Fiwthf Ujh bga gK, 2f I l mfkhf Ujh a gK ilF.

(4) byRF, iuF ilna cs bjhiy v vdgL. xbthU

u kF, v k flagl ntL.

mliz:

t.

v

g jik

bghU bjhiy

u br. .

g bjhiy

v br. .

Fa u

br. .

u v

f = ------

u + v

1 u < 2f cUbgUfgl

2

3 u > 2f cURUfgl

4

Ko :

bfhLfgl Fby Fau

i. bjhiybghU Kiw (f ) = ______ br. .

ii. u-v Kiw (f) = ______ br. .

16. fhjy gl tiuj nehf:

fhj JUt js rlfhj tlJUt tlF neh csnghJ fhjygl tiuj. njitahd fUf:

tiugyif, F Cf, a fhj Cbgo, btisjh, rlfhj.

gl:

t nk bj

brKiw: btis jh xW tiugyif J bghU, W fhj

Cia, jhxU Kid itJ gyifia RH jhshdJ fhj CF izahf UFkhW bragLwJ.

jh ika fhj Cia itJ fhj JUtjsij tiu. jh ika nfho J rl fhj tl JUt tlF neh UFkhW itf ntL. tl JUt UJ bj JUt brW Ko tiu fhj C bgoia ef gy f FfgL mtiw izjh fhj irnfhL ilF. fhj C bgoia J kh itJ L, L fhj ir nfhLf tiua.

tisnfhLf fhj fhjyij, mFf fhjy iria Fwd. Ko:

rlfhj tlJUt fhj JUtjs tlF neh UFnghJ fhjy gl tiuaglJ.

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fh. cJkh m M.Sc.,M.Ed. m.c.g, Mdhgo-621312 U khtl 9790328342 udumanalik12071972@gmail.com

jhtua

1. ky ghffis J ghitF itj

nehf: cq ilF kyf tl, mtl, kfujjhtl Nyftl - Matiw jJ J ghitF rkj.

ky ghff : 1. tl & 2. mtl--Jiz cWf 3.kfujjhtl - ky Mghf 4. Nyftl - ky bgghf

gl + ghf

tl mtl kfujjhtl Nyftl

Ko: bfhLfgl ky ghff jahf J ghitF rkfglJ.

2. fzho eGtid milahs flJ glJl fhuzfis vGJj

nehf: bfhLfgLs fzho eGtid Enzh _y cWneh milahs flJ glJl fhuzfis vGJj. milahs fhz - kfujig FWF btLnjhw. (m) N btLnjhw

fhuzf kfujig FWF btLnjhw. N btLnjhw

1. kfujig ehF RtuLFfsh NHgLsJ 2. kfujig RtuL c mLF ll vW bga

1. xbthU NY, uL mLF NYiwfis bfhLsJ 2. NYiwD bry R fUig fhzgLwJ. 3. fUigD 8 cfUf csd

gl + ghf:

kfujig FWF btLnjhw. N btLnjhw

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3. jhtu braa M - behj M (fhyh Rthr) flj kW nehf: behj fid (fhyh Rthr) %j. njitahd bghUf : rfiu fiur, buho

ya

5. lhfhd M (mnaho M Kiw) nehf : bfhLfgLs czfiurf A,B vfiur lh csJ vgij mnaho M _y flj.

njitahdit : czfiurf A,B, mnaho ut, M FHh

brKiw:jjahd U M FHhf jugL A,B czfiur, 1 .. ms vLJbfhL tWl xU J mnaho fiuriy nrJ ewhf fyf ntL. wkhwij ftj Kofis mltiz FfgLwJ.

mltiz

czfiur fhgJ mtJ

A fUy wkhf khWwJ lh csJ

B fUy wkhf khwiy lh iy

Ko: czfiur A_______ - lh csJ.

6. bfhLfgl eGtid milahs fL gl tiuJ ghffis Fj. nehf : bfhLfgl fzho eGtfis milahs flJ, glJl fhuzfis vGJj

milahs

fhz bfhLfgl eGt fhzgLtJ

uj tgQ

bfhLfgl eGt fhzgLtJ ujbtisaQ

bfhLfgl eGt fhzgLtJ

shnkhoa

gl + ghf

fhuzf tl tot, UgfK cFj

kW jL tot brfshF.

M#id vLJ brt mf ehl cilaJ.

IJ ntWgl tiff fhzgLwd.

vbghU cUth nehUf jhFjUJ cliy ghJfhwJ.

J xU nuhnlhnrhth c

shnkhoa xL

knyah nehia VgLJ.

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7. bfhLfgLs khfis milahs fhQj. nehf : bfhLfgl khfis milahs fhQj

flj kj ja kj _is kj Wuf

gl + ghf

Ff ja X clw ja jirahyhd T tot cWghF.

jaij RY ulLF glykha bgfhoa ciw csJ.

ja ehF miwfis bfhlJ. mit uL MfS,uL btfS MF.

kj _is K _is,eL _is, _is vd 3 ghffshf

fgLsd.

kj _is a fzfhd uhf vw bra myfh MdJ.

J cl flis kW xUiz mikghf bragLwJ.

Wuf kj Ka f f cW.

xbthU WufK nfN vdgL bka glydh _lgLsJ.

WufkhdJ beuh vw E bra myFfsh MdJ.

8. bfhLfgLs gl/kh FfgLs ehsyh Ruia milahs fhz nehf : bfhLfgLs gl/kh FfgLs ehsyh Ruia milahs fhz. milahs fhz ijuhL Ru fiza yhfAh Lf md Ru

mikl kj fGJ gF Fu tis UwK gfF xwhf 2 fJfis cila mikghf csJ.

kj tW gF cs fiza fhzgLwJ.

tW gF xbthU Wuf J mikJsJ.

RuF

Ahnkhf

ijuh brf -FSnfhfh

brf - R, mik

md fhbl - mnlhOuh, fhonrh md bkLyh - md, eh md

gf tsij khw jij caJwJ. cl btgij mfwJ.

uj mnaho kW rfiu

msit xGFgLJwJ.

FSnfhfh isnfh#id FSnfh[hf khWwJ.

R FSnfhi[ isnfh#dhf khWwJ.

uL v bra _ykhf uj rfiu msit

guhkwd

MnlhOuh- jhJ cf tsij khwij guhkwd.

fhon[h-fhnghiAnu tsij khwij guhkwd.

md, eh md- cl kd mGjiy, mtrufhy iyfis vbfhs cliy iuthf jah brwd.

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