CaracFundamBioC2-2014 Var B Short

7/23/2019 CaracFundamBioC2-2014 Var B Short

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FUNDAMENTAL

CHARACTERISTICS

OF THE

BIOSYSTEMS


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The principal organelles of acell


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! "SELF#RE$RODUCTION%! METABOLISM

&! DISSI$ATI'ITY

(! SELF $ROTECTION)! Self Rene*al+T,rno-er

.! /ro*0h+De-elop1en02! Self Reg,la0ion

3! Op0i1al In0egrali04


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"SELF#RE$RODUCTION5

! ASE6UATE

!Di-ision

!% Clonning

%! SE6UATE


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Theprokarioticandeukaryoticcellshave some unusual features that arebest explained as the results ofendosymbionts evolving into a part ofthe host cell.

(Endosymbiosismeans livinginsideanother organism)

The first evidence of eukaryotesappears in the fossil record about2 billion (2 x 109) years ago!!!


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Reproduction inprokaryotesoccurs

primarily bycell mitosis- each celldivides intotwo daughter cells.

4N

2N2N

2N 2N

Cell 1i0osis


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Cell 7i-ision

Before cells 7i-i7e 0he4 ha-e 0o 7o,8le cell

s0r,c0,res9 organelles an7 0heir gene0ic

infor1a0ion


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Cell Mi0osis


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Cen0riole pair

Micro0,8,les

Mi0osis Te1pla0e

Chro1a0i7s

Cen0ro1ere

Cen0roso1e


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Mi0osis Te1pla0e

Chro1oso1es"-ario,s s0ages#


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$las1a Me18rane "-ario,s s0ages#

Mi0osis Te1pla0e


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In0erphase


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In0erphase


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In0erphase


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In0erphase


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In0erphase


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In0erphase


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In0erphase


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In0erphase


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$rophase


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$rophase


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$rophase


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$rophase


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$rophase


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$rophase


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$rophase


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$rophase


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$rophase


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$rophase


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$rophase


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$rophase


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Me0aphase


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Me0aphase


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Me0aphase


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Anaphase

A h


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Anaphase

A h


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Anaphase

A h


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Anaphase

A h


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Anaphase

A h


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Anaphase

A h


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Anaphase

A h


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Anaphase

Anaphase


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Anaphase

Anaphase


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Anaphase

Telophase


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Telophase

Telophase


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Telophase

Telophase


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Telophase

Telophase


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Telophase

Telophase


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Telophase

Telophase


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Telophase

Telophase


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Telophase

Telophase


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Telophase

Telophase


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Telophase

Telophase


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Telophase

Telophase


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Telophase

Precambrian


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Precambrian

animal

embryos

Sea

urchin

embryo

Thiomargarita

namibiensis

giant bacteria

(left)andprecambrian

animal

embryos

(right)


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(N

(N

%N

%N : %N

E-ol,0ion of 0he chro1oso1e n,18er 7,ring a cell c4cle

S4n0h

esisp

hase

Mi0osis

phase

/ap$hase

/ap%$hase


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Chro1oso1es


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H,1an ;ar4o04pe5 46 chromosomes


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H,1an ;ar4o04pe5 46 chromosomes

Prokariotesandeukaryoteshave,atsome


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Prokariotesandeukaryoteshave, at somemoments in their life cycle,two setsof thegenes needed for their life.

A complete set of necessary genes is

called agenome

Haploid- one genome -1N

Diploid- two genomes -2N

Syngamy

MeiosisandSyngamyhaveopposite effectsonthe number ofgenomes

%N%N

N

N

Meiosis

/a1e0es


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METABOLISM 5

ANABOLISM : CATABOLISM

Metabolism(the chemical reactions of life).


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( )Prokaryotes are structurally simple, but far morediverse metabolicallythan eukaryotes.

One way to divide types of prokaryotic metabolisms

is intoautotrophicandheterotrophicAnother way to divide is intophototrophic(energyderived fromlight) andchemotrophic(energyderived from inorganic molecules)

Photosynthetic bacteria


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Adenosine Tri$hosphate(AT$):0he energe0ic c,rrenc4 of 0he cell

=Ge> ? @ =Ge>% ? @


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The AT$c4cle

AT$

AD$: $

=Ge> ? @ =Gen @

=Ge> : =Gen? @

G H T S


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G H TS

G


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/ra7ien0,l 7e pro0oni es0e realia0 prin/ra7ien0,l 7e pro0oni es0e realia0 prin

o>i7areao>i7area NADHNADH ceea ce introduce electroni nceea ce introduce electroni n

lanul respiratorlanul respirator

68


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Sin0ea AT$,l,i 7e ca0reSin0ea AT$,l,i 7e ca0re AT$sin0e0aaAT$sin0e0aa


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7

care ,0ilieaacare ,0ilieaa gra7ien0,l 7e pro0onigra7ien0,l 7e pro0oni


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F@

F

a

8%

8%

C@)

!"toplasmic

#eriplasmic


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LI'IN/ OR/ANISMS5

DISSI$ATI'ESTRUCTURES

S0 0 f 0h S 7 L


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S0a0,s of 0he Secon7 La*

$ %&hermod"namics' is 0he onl4 0heor4o a eneral nature o *hich + amcon,inced that it *ill ne,er -eo,erthro*n (Al-ert .instein)/

$ %&hermod"namics'0holds the supremeposition amon the la*s o Nature0 + "ourtheor" is ound to -e aainst the 1econda* o &hermod"namics3 + can i,e "ou nohope (1ir Arthur .ddinton)/

The Secon7 $rinciple of


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pTher1o74na1ics

$ An4 spon0aneo,s processin an isola0e7s4s0e1 re7,ces i0s po0en0ial "=G? @# an7increases i0s en0rop4"7isor7er#5 =S @

$ The s4s0e1 e-ol-es closer 0o an e,ili8ri,1s0a0e of ero po0en0ialin *hich no0hingf,r0her can happen5 =G @ G

$ The sa1e 8asic forces of en0rop4appl4also 0o open s4s0e1sincl,7ing ecos4s0e1s

Far fro1 E,ili8ri,1 Ther1o74na1ics


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Farfro1E,ili8ri,1 Ther1o74na1ics

$ Li-ing selfrepro7,cings4s0e1s 7e-elopan7 gro* 84 cons,1ing97egra7ingan77isipa0inggra7ien0s of a-aila8le energ4an7 1a00er

$ Li-ing s4s0e1s 1ain0ain 0he1sel-es in afarfro1e,ili8ri,1s0a0e 84 e>0rac0ingreso,rces fro1 0heir hos0 ecos4s0e1s an784 7,1ping 0heir *as0es "en0rop4# 8ac;

in0o 0heir hos0s!

&he 8ios4s0e1s are7issipa0i-e s0r,c0,res/

=GBIOS? @ =SBIOS? @GG


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!omparin Na0,raland H,1an.cos"stems:Deradin the #lanet

H,1anless ecos4s0e1s5

$ De,elop -" deradinand

dissipatinsolar ener"(increases entrop" o the,ni-erse)

$ Ana8olis1 e>cee7sca0a8olis1

$ $ro7,c0ion dominates

$ !haracteri5ed -"acc,1,la0ion oecos"stems

H,1an7o1ina0e7ecos4s0e1s5

$ ro* -" deradinanddissipatinresource radientso the ecos"stems (increasesentrop" o ecosphere)

$ Ca0a8olis1 e>cee7s

ana8olis1GG$ Cons,1p0iondominates$ !haracteri5ed -" 7eple0ion

o host ecos"stems

"SELF#$ROTECTION


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! Molec,lar le-el

! SOS 8a00er4

!% Chaperone s4s0e1

!& I11,ne s4s0e1

%! Cell,lar le-el&! Tiss,e le-el

(! Organis1ic le-el(! Ner-o,s s4s0e1(!% En7ocrine s4s0e1

)! $op,la0ional le-el

"SELF#$ROTECTION

In7,c0ion of $ro0ec0i-e an7 Apop0o0ic $rogra1s

84 A8nor1al or Unfol7e7 $ro0eins


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MY Sher1an an7 AL /ol78erg9 Cell,lar Defenses agains0 Unfol7e7 $ro0eins5 A Cell Biologis0

Thin;s a8o,0 Ne,ro7egenera0i-e Diseases9 Ne,ron9 'ol! %J9 )K&%9 an,ar49 %@@9

84 A8nor1al or Unfol7e7 $ro0eins

A8nor1al or Unfol7e7

$ro0ein


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CaracFundamBioC2-2014 Var B Short