the basis o f tne part icular characteristics of their legal systems, agreements on environ- mental arotect ion designed to ensure the ap- Plication of the principle of equal r ight of access and as far as it is conducive to the implementat ion of this principle, o f the prin- ciple of non-discr iminat ior IV. INSTRUCTS the Env i ronment Commit- tee, to go deeper in its work on equal r ight of access through a s tudy of the principle of non-discr iminat ion, as far as it is necessary for the implementat ion of these principles, to repor t to the Council on its work by 31st December. 1976 and to draw up as soon as possible draf t Recommendat ions or Decisions.

A N N E X

E Q U A L R I G H T OF ACCESS IN R E L A T I O N TO

T R A N S F R O N T I E R P O L L U T I O N

Constituent elements of a system of equal right of access

1. A system of equal r ight of access is made UD of a set of rights recognised oy a coun t ry in favour o f persons who are affected or ike- ly to be affected in their personal and/or propr ietary interests by t ransfront ier pol lu- t ion originating in such count ry and whose personal and/or propr ie tary interests are situated outside such count ry (hereafter referred to as "persons affected uy trans- f ront ier po l lu t ion" ) . 2. Wi thout prejudice to corresponding inter- state oroceaures, the rights accorded to "per- sons affected by transfront ier po l l u t i on " should be equivalent to tnose accoraea to persons whose personal and/or 0ropr ietary interests wi th in the ter r i to ry o f the count ry where the t ransfront ier po l lu t ion originates are or may be affected under similar con- di t ions bY a same pol lu t ion, as regards:

(a) in format ion concerning proects , new activit ies and courses of conduct which may give rise to a signif icant risk of po l lu t ion; (b) access to in format ion which the competent author i t ies make available to oersons concerned (c) the 0art ic ipat ion in hearings and prel iminary enquiries and the making of objections in respect of proposed decisions by the publ ic authori t ies which could d i rect ly or indi rect ly lead to pol lu t ion; (d) recourse to ana standing in admin- istrative and ud ic ia l procedures ( including emergency procedures) ;

in order to prevent po l lu t ion, or to qave it abated and/or obtain compensation for the damage caused. 3. Concomi tant ly w i th the rights of "per- sons affected by t ransfront ier po l l u t i on " . the countr ies concerned by such pol lu t ion should take certain measures to make possible the exercise of tne rights so recognised, n part icular as regards the in format ion and oar- t ic ioat ion of "'persons affected by transfron- t ier po l l u t i on " in hearings and enquiries pr ior to the taking of decisions, Such measures, which might be taken by countr ies where the pol lut ion originates, wou ld however gain in effectiveness if they were pu t into effect in co-operat ion w i th countr ies which are or may be affected by t ransfront ier 13ollution

Environmental Policy and Law, 2 (1976)

C O N S E I L E U R O P E E N DU D R O I T DE L ' E N V I R O N N E M E N T

R~solution adopt~e le 18 octobre 1975"

Principes juridiques applicables ~ la conserva- tion des esp~ces migratrices

1 Les esoeces e t les populat ions animales sauvages const i tuent un capital g~netique irremDla.cable et fon t partie du Patr lmome commun oe I 'humanite. Nul n'a le dro i t d 'aneantir d'epuiser ou meme de reduire ce calaital genetiaue. I incombe ~ chaaue Etat oe le preserver sur son terr i to i re et de le gerer en bon pare de famil le au nom de la commu- naut6 internationale et dons I ' inter~t des gene- rations futures• 2 Dans le cadre des normes tendaot a assurer la protect ion de la faune en general, des regies soeciales do ivent 6tre appliquees aux esoeces et populat ions migratrices, c'est ~ dire aux as- paces et populat ions qui se deplacent en sui- vant un cycle regutier et don t la sauvegarde pose de ce fai t , des oroblemes jur idiques particuliers.

3 Toute r~glementation do l t se baser sur a princ~pe aue les esoeces et populat ions m~- gratrices const l tuenl une ressource naturelle commune (shared natural ressource) ~ tous les Etats situes ~e long de leur i t ineraire mi- gratorre, amsi au'~ tous ceux dont les ressor- tissants exolo i tent , le cas 6cheant. ces especes ou populat ions dans des zones se t rouvant au-dei~ de toute jur id ic t ion nationale. Toute autre concept ion jur id ique est i 'ncomoatible avec 'etat present de nos connaissances et avec les v~ritables donnees economioues et jur idiques du probleme DOSe par les es~)eces et populat ions migratrices. 4 La conservation et, le cas ech~ant I 'ex- p lo i ta t ion ae ces especes ou ae ces popula- t ions doivent faire I 'objet de mesures concer- tees entrant dans le cadre d 'une gestion com- mune ~ tousles Etats situ~s le long de I ' i t ine- raire de m~gration, ainsi que ceux don t les ressortissants orocedent ~ I'ex 01oitation de ces especes ou Oopulations dans des zones situees au-dela de toute iur id ict ion nationale. 5 La gestion commune des esueces et popu- lations migratrices do l t se faire au nom ae la communaute internationale route entiere e[ sous son autor i te. EIle devra comorendre des mesures tendant ~ proteger les habitats des especes et populat ions migratrices, notam- ment ceux des l ieux de reproduct ion e ta ren- dre ou maintenir les voles de migrat ion ouver- tes oar la creation ou le maint ien de reserves adequates et par 1'61imination des obstacles cui pourraient emp~cher la migrat ion ae se derouler normalement. 6 Toute r~glementation, nationale ou inter- nationale, tendant ~ ta protect ion des esD~ces et populat ions migratrices do l t ~tre accomoa- gnee ae mesures comulementaires visant el iminer o u a reduire les pol lut ions aul mena- cent ces especes. 7 Les charges e[ les benefices resultant de la gestion commune d'esp~ces et populat ions migratrices do ivent ~tre equi tablement repar- tis entre tous les Etats situes le long de t ' i t ine- raire de migrat ion, ainsi aue ceux aon t les po- pulat ions explo i tent , dans des zones se trou- rant au~lela ae route lur id ict ion nationale, ces especes ou populat ions.

"Pour plus d ' in fo rmat ion voir 2 Environ- mental Policy & L. I. p. 16

D E C I S I O N S OF THE G O V E R N I N G C O U N C I L OF THE U N I T E D N A T I O N S E N V I R O N M E N T P R O G R A M M E A T ITS F O U R T H SESSION

47(IV) Programme Policy and implementa- tion

The Governing Council, recalling its previou s decisions on programme pol icy ana implementat ion.

• 1 1. Considers that certain activit ies depend mainly for their proper funct ion ing on ful co-operation between Governments and the secretariat o f tiqe United Nations Environ- ment Programme, and accordingly invites Governments to respond p romp t l y and fu l l y to the requests of the Execut ive Director for co-operat ion n undertak ing activit ies endorsed oy the Governing Counci l , for example w i th respect to sources o f informa- t ion for the Internat ional Referral System ana the funct ion ing of the tt :hnica assistance clearing house, aria reaue, [s the secretariat to De as precise as ocssible in formulat ing its requests for infor nat ion ana assistance;

12. Appreciates -he progress made by the secretariat in the f ield of communicat ion wi th Governments, but nevertheless expresses deep concern regarding the lack o f regular f l ow of proper in format ion to Governments aoout on-going activit ies ano results o f projects funded oy the United Nations Envi ronment Programme, and in part icular regarding the inadequate circulat ion of reports containing in format ion that can be of use to Governments or reg ons other than those where the activit ies were carried out , ana welcomes the intent ion o f the Execut ive Director to give high p r io r i t y to developing communicat ions w i th Governments;

13. Endorses the intent ion o f the Execut ive Director to develop the field of publ ic in format ion, inter alia through the publ icat ion of a quarter ly journal , and requests him to report f u l l y on progress made in this area to the Governing Council at its f i f th session;

I1.2. Requests members o f the Board to join wi th the Execut ive Director, singly or j o in t l y , in developing and apply ing the concept o f jo in t arogrammmg, thus helping to ensure that the cata ly t ic role o f the United Nations Env i ronment Programme can oe more effec- t ive ly performed and the resources of the United Nations system marshalled to imple- ment the arogramme;

IV. 1. Reaffirms that the greatest challenge today is to design development which, whi le satisfying basic human needs -- beginning w i th the eradicat ion o f pover ty - apes not material ly reauce environmental qual i ty and apes not transgress the global or regional outer l imits imposed oy the capacities of the biosphere;

5. Considers that the in format ion gained f rom environmental assessment can be successfully applied in environmental manage- ment and, since environmental management involves inserting a new -- environmental - dimension into every stage o f the decision-

105