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Corrélation d'images numériques: Stratégies de régularisation et enjeux d'identification. Stéphane Roux, François Hild LMT, ENS-Cachan. Atelier « Problèmes Inverses », Nancy, 7 Juin 2011. Image 2. Image 1. Relative displacement field ?. Image 2. Image 1. Deformed image. Reference image. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Corrélation d'images numériques: Stratégies de régularisation
et enjeux d'identification
Stéphane Roux, François Hild
LMT, ENS-Cachan
Atelier « Problèmes Inverses », Nancy, 7 Juin 2011
•
Relative displacement
field ?
Image 1 Image 2
•
Image 1 Image 2
•
Reference image Deformed image
Relative displacement
field ?
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Image # 11
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Reference image Deformed image
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Displacement field Uy
Displacement fields are nice, but …
Can we get more ?
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Uy
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Stress intensity Factor,
Crack geometry
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Damagefield
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Constitutivelaw
D
2
eq0 1 2 3 4 5
x 10-3
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1
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Outline
• A brief introduction to “global DIC”
• Mechanical identification
• Regularization
DIC IN A NUTSHELLFrom texture to displacements
Digital Image Correlation
• Images (gray levels) indexed by time t
• Texture conservation (passive tracers)
(hypothesis that can be relaxed if needed)
))(()( 110 ttxuxftxf ,,,
),( txf
Problem to solve
• Weak formulation: Minimize wrt u
where the residual is
))(()()( 11001 ttxuxftxfttx ,,,;,
txttx dd022 );,(
Provides a spatially resolved quality field of the proposed solution
Solution
• The problem is intrinsically ill-posed and highly non-linear !
• A specific strategy has to be designed for accurate and robust convergence
• It impacts on the choice of the kinematic basis
Global DIC
• Decompose the sought displacement field on a suited basis providing a natural regularization
• Yn: – FEM shape function, X-FEM, … – Elastic solutions, Numerically computed fields,
Beam kinematics…
n
nn txutxu ),(),(
The benefit of C0 regularization
ZOI size / Element size (pixels)Key parameter = (# pixels)/(# dof)
Example: T3-DIC*
*[Leclerc et al., 2009, LNCS 5496 pp. 161-171]
Pixel size = 67 mm
Example: T3-DIC
Example: T3-DIC
0.46
0.28
0.11
-0.06
-0.23
Ux (pixel)
[H. Leclerc]
Example: T3-DIC
0.54
0.35
0.15
-0.04
-0.24
Uy (pixel)
Example: T3-DIC
Example: T3-DIC
28
21
14
7
0
Residual
Mean residual = 3 % dynamic range
IDENTIFICATION
The real challenge
• For solid mechanics application, the actual challenge is – not to get the displacement fields,
but rather – to identify the constitutive law (stress/strain
relation)
• The simplest case is linear elasticity
Plane elasticity
• A potential formulation can be adopted showing that the displacement field can be written generically in the complex plane as
where F and Y are arbitrary holomorphic functions
• m is the shear modulus,• k is a dimensionless elastic constant
(related to Poisson’s ratio)
)()(')(2 zzzzU
Plane elasticity
• It suffices to introduce a basis of test functions for (F z) and (Y z) and consider that and are independent
• Direct evaluation of 1/m and k/m
)(z )()(' zzz
Validated examples
• Brazilian compression test
• Cracks
Example 1:Brazilian compression test
• Integrated approach:
decomposition of the displacement field over 4 fields (rigid body motion + analytical solution)
Integrated approach
Integrated approach
Identified properties for the polycarbonate
m 880 MPa
n 0.45
In good agreement with literature data
Need for coupling to modelling
• Elasticity (or incremental non-linear behavior)
• FEM
0
..
))(2/1(
f
C
UU t
FKU 0)..(div fUC
Dialog DIC/FEA modeling
• Local elastic identification
R. Gras, Comptest 2011
33
T4-DVC
More general framework
• Inhomogeneous elastic solid
• Non-linear constitutive law– Plasticity– Damage– Non-linear elasticity Image # 11
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REGULARIZATION
Mechanical regularization
• The displacement field should be such that
or in FEM language
for interior nodes.
This can be used to help DIC
0):div( UC
0U.K
Integrated DIC
• Reach smaller scale
H. Leclerc et al., Lect. Notes Comp. Sci. 5496, 161-171, (2009)
Tikhonov type regularization
• Minimization of
• Regularization is neutral with respect to rigid body motion
• How should one choose A ?
22
01 ),(),( KUAtxftUxf
Spectral analysis
• For a test displacement field
22
01 ),(),( VtxftUxf
).exp( xikVU
242VkKU 4A
log(k)
log(||.||2) Regularization
DIC
Cross-over scale
Boundaries
• The equilibrium gap functional is operative only for interior nodes or free boundaries
• At boundaries, information may be lacking– Introduce an additional regularization term
(e.g. )– Extend elastic behavior outside the DIC
analyzed region
22U
Regularization at voxel scale
• An example in 3D for a modest size 243 voxels
Voxel scale DVC
Displacement norm (voxels) Vertical displacement (voxels)
1 voxel 5.1 µm
H. Leclerc et al., Exp. Mech. (2011)
NON-LINEAR IDENTIFICATION
Identification
• As a post-processing step, a damage law can be identified from the minimization of
where U has been measured and K is known
• Many unknowns !
2
elements
)1( likl
ii UKD
Validation
< 5.3 %
εEε )1(:)2/1( 0 D
εEε
σ )1(0 D
εEε 0:2
1
D
Y
State potential (isotropic damage)
State laws
YED )/2(offunction )1( 0
0 DYd Dissipated power
0and0 YD Thermodynamic consistency
Growth law
Constitutive law
~ equivalent scalar strain
Use of a homogeneous constitutive law
• Postulating a homogeneous law, damage is no longer a two dimensional field of unknowns, but a (non-linear) function of the maximum strain experienced by an element of volume.
Damage growth law
• Identified form
or
1n
n
n E
YaD
1
)/exp(1
n
nn yYaD
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Y
D
truncation
Identified damage image 10Identified log
10(1-D) image 10
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Identified damage image 11Identified log
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log10(1-D)
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Identified log10
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Measured Ux
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Identified Ux
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Validation image 10
Validation image 11Measured U
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CONCLUSIONS
Conclusions
• DIC and regularization can be coupled to make the best out of difficult measurements
• A small scale regularization is too poorly sensitive to elastic phase constrast to allow for identification
• Yet, post-treatment may provide the sought constitutive law description
• Fusion of DIC and non-linear identification is the most promising route