Entreprises et territoires : pour en finir avec l'ignorance mutuelle

7/27/2019 Entreprises et territoires : pour en finir avec l'ignorance mutuelle

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| IGS ENRGS BG IFESRFRWR

Getrgprfsgsgt tgrrftnfrgs :

pnur ge afefr kvgcifmenrkecg lutugiig

[ufezg prnpnsftfnes pnur rgebrgens cnsystlgs inckux pius cnlptftfas


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Cr ge ;6=7, iFestftut bg igetrgprfsg gst ue t`feo tkeo febpgebket bg tnut lkebkt syebfcki

nu pniftfqug. Trnneblget kecr bkes ik rkift cnenlfqug, fi cnecgetrg sk ragxfne sur

ik rgiktfne getrg igetrgprfsg gt sne gevfrneeglget gt lgt cnetrfhutfne ue vkstg rsgku

bgxpgrts pnur rkifsgr sgs tubgs. mkiglget ifgu bg rgecnetrgs gt pig bg nrlktfne,

iFestftut bvginppg ueg vfsfne bg igetrgprfsg nuvgrtg sur ig lnebg gt sur ik sncft.

R@FEO RKEO

Ikctfvft bg ragxfne sg bpinfg kutnur bg igetrgprfsg, cneug ik nfs cnllg nrmkefsktfne,cnllg kctgur bu lnebg cnenlfqug gt cnllg kctgur bg ik sncft. Tnur bfusgr sgs

kekiysgs gt sgs tubgs, iFestftut bg igetrgprfsg skppufg sur :

Bgs rkppnrts gt bgs entgs, vgctgurs trkbftfneegis bg bfusfne kuprs bue puhifc bg

igkbgrs bnpfefne.

We sftg, Bhkt&cn (www.bghktgcn.r), bnet inhjgctf gst bkeflgr ig bhkt cnenlfqug

gt sncfki.

Weg rgvug trflgstrfgiig, Sncftki, quf prnpnsg bgs kekiysgs gt bgs rigxfnes sur

igs mrkebs bhkts bcnenlfg gt bg sncft (www.sncfgtki.r).

XGECNERXGS

Nuvgrtgs ue ikrmg puhifc nu rsgrvgs kux kb`rgets, igs lkefgstktfnes nrmkefsgs pkr

iFestftut bg igetrgprfsg vfsget kvnrfsgr ig pkr tkmg bgxprfgecg sur bgs gejgux ifs kux

qugstfnes cnenlfqugs gt igetrgprfsg.

Igs lkefgstktfnes bg iFestftut bg igetrgprfsg vfsget stfluigr ik ragxfne sur bgs sujgts

bfetrt cniigctf. Bfrfmgkets bgetrgprfsg, pgrsneekifts pniftfqugs, gxpgrts fssus bg igetrg-

prfsg nu bu lnebg uefvgrsftkfrg snet fevfts sgxprflgr inccksfne bg bjguegrs, bgcnergecgs gt bg bhkts.

ANXLKRFNE

IFestftut bg igetrgprfsg prnpnsg bgs prnmrkllgs pbkmnmfqugs quf net pnur nhjgctf

bg sgesfhfifsgr igs bfrgets puhifcs kppkrtgeket icnsystlg bgs getrgprfsgs kux

gejgux cnenlfqugs gt sncfkux kuxqugis giigs snet cnernetgs. Bkes cg ckbrg, iFestftut

skbrgssg prfnrftkfrglget kux gesgfmekets bg Scfgecgs cnenlfqugs gt Sncfkigs

(SGS), kvgc ig prnmrkllg Gesgfmekets-Getrgprfsgs gt kux Jguegs `kuts pntgetfgis

fssus bg tnus cnrps bg ltfgr, kvgc iFestftut bgs @kutgs tubgs bg iGetrgprfsg ( F@GG)

Tnur ge skvnfr pius : www.festftut-getrgprfsg.r


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Getrgprfsgs gt tgrrftnfrgs :pnur ge efr kvgc

ifmenrkecg lutugiig

[ufezg prnpnsftfnes

pnur rgebrg ens cnsystlgs inckux pius cnlptftfas

Xkppnrt fssu bgs trkvkux bg ik cnllfssfne Getrgprfsgs gt Rgrrftnfrgs

bg iFestftut bg igetrgprfsg snus ik prsfbgecg bKetnfeg Arrnt,

prsfbget-bfrgctgur merki bg Qgnifk Gevfrneeglget

Tkr Qkegssk Cnrbnhk gt Xnlkfe Iuckzgku,

snus ik bfrgctfne bg Efcniks Hnuznu

IGS ENRGS BG IFESRFRWR

Nctnhrg 84;3


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Festftut bg igetrgprfsg, 84;3Rnus brnfts bg rgprnbuctfne, bg trkbuctfne, bkbkptktfne gt bgxcutfne

rsgrvs pnur tnus igs pkys

Bfrgctgur bg ik puhifcktfne : Arbrfc Lneinufs-Aifcft, bimu merki bg iFestftut bg igetrgprfsg


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3IGS ENRGS BG IFESRFRWR Nctnhrg 84;3

Cnlpnsftfne bg ik cnllfssfne

Ketnfeg AXGXNR, Trsfbget Bfrgctgur merki, QGNIFK GEQFXNEEGLGER,prsfbget bg ik CnllfssfneEfcniks HNWZNW, Gcnenlfstg - Kssncf anebktgur KSRGXGS *

T`fifppg HKSSNR, Tkrtegr, CLFEfcniks HIKFE, C`ga bg ckhfegt bu Trsfbget bfrgctgur merki, XKRTGlfifg HNWXBW, C`krmg btubgs, IK AKHXF[WG BG IFEBWSRXFGQkegssk CNXBNHK, Lkekmgr, CLF **Stp`keg CNSSG, Bfrgctgur kbjnfet, XRGQfecget BKWAAV, Bfrgctgur bu bvginppglget lkrogtfem, NSGNGubnxg BGEFS, Bfrgctgur bgs tubgs, FESRFRWR BG IGERXGTXFSGSyivkfe BNXSC@EGX, Kssncf, FEENGCNArkenfs BXNWFE, Trsfbget bfrgctgur merki, NSGNLkrc AINXGRRG, Bfrgctgur bg ik rgc`grc`g, MBA SWGZ

Lkrc ANSSFGX, Fespgctgur Merki, NXKEMGQkirfg MFHGXR Kttkc`g fetmrktfne, Bfrgctfne bg ik Xgc`grc`g gt bg iFeenvktfne, MBA SWGZMfiigs MIGVZG, Bfrgctgur bu bvginppglget, GCNIG CGERXKIG BG TKXFSQfecget MNBGHNWR, Bimu Merki - Snifbkrfts Enuvgiigs akcg ku C`lkmgJkcqugs MNBXNE, Bfrgctgur kssncf, BICHruen JKEGR, Bfrgctgur Xgiktfnes kvgc igs Cniigctfvfts Inckigs Mrnupg, NXKEMGT`fifppg ONC@, Bfrgctgur bgs Xgiktfnes festftutfneegiigs, FHL ArkecgLkrc I@GXLFRRG, Kssncf, GXESR & VNWEMXnlkfe IWCKZGKW, Cnesuitket, XNIKEB HGXMGX SRXKRGMV CNESWIRKERS**Bkvfb LGEKSCG, Kssncf, KZKNT`fifppg LWRXFCV, Bfrgctgur Gxcutfa ge c`krmg bg ik Strktmfg gt bu Tfintkmg,CBC GERXGTXFSGS-HTFNifvfgr LWXNE, Bfrgctgur rgiktfnes festftutfneegiigs, NXKEMGKebr TGEV, Bfrgctgur merki kbjnfet Feenvktfne sncfkig, XKRTR`fgrry XKQNR, Bfrgctgur rmfneki Tnftnu-C`krgetgs, CKFSSG BGS BTRSGrfc XGHFAAG, Bfrgctgur merki Sken Bvginppglget, SKENAFHgrekrb R@FGXV, Bfrgctgur bg lfssfne, SECA BvginppglgetTfgrrg QFCRNXFK, Bfrgctgur kbjnfet bu bvginppglget burkhig, QGNIFK GEQFXNEEGLGERKetnfeg QFECGER, C`krm bg bvginppglget, NSGNR`fgrry ]GFI, Bimu merki, IK AKHXF[WG BG IFEBWSRXFG

* Tfintg bg ik Cnllfssfne ** Xkppnrtgurs bg ik Cnllfssfne


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Tfintg gt rkppnrtgurs

Efcniks HNWZNW gst bfpil bg iWefvgrsft Tkrfs Bkup`feg. Fi bfrfmg ig ckhfegt bg cnesgfiKstgrs qufi k cr ge 8441, gt quf cnlptg pnur cifgets bgs cniigctfvfts inckigs, bgs

mrkebgs getrgprfsgs gt bgs mnuvgreglgets.

Sgs bnlkfegs bg trkvkfi pnrtget sur ik crnfsskecg, ik pniftfqug cnenlfqug, inrmkefsktfne

tgrrftnrfkig gt ik sket. Fi gst bfrgctgur btubgs gt gesgfmeket ge LHK ku sgfe bg iGcnig

bg Brnft gt bg Lkekmglget iWefvgrsft Tkrfs FF Kssks. Fi gst mkiglget vfcg-prsfbgetbu cgrcig Rurmnt quf rgmrnupg bgs bfrfmgkets bg mrkebgs getrgprfsgs gt bgs rgspneskhigs

pniftfqugs.

Efcniks Hnuznu bneeg ueg cgetkfeg bg cneargecgs pkr ke, ge Arkecg gt bkes ig rgstg

bg iGurnpg. Fi gst prsget c`kqug lktfe iketgeeg bg fti bkes ik Rgkl Rnusskfet

pnur bgux c`rnefqugs cnenlfqugs. Kutgur bg enlhrgux nuvrkmgs, ig bgrefgr bgetrg gux,

Ne getgeb ikrhrg tnlhgr lkfs pks ik anrt pnussgr, gst pkru c`gz Iktts ge 84;3.

Qkegssk CNXBNHK gst cnesuitketg ge strktmfgs bfeenvktfne gt bg bvginppglgetcnenlfqug gt lktrg bg cneargecgs Scfgecgs-pn. Kecfgeeg ivg bg iGcnig Enrlkig

Suprfgurg bg ik rug bWil gt bfpilg bg iFestftut bGtubgs Tniftfqugs bg Tkrfs, giig k

rgjnfet ge 8440 ig ckhfegt bg cnesgfi ge strktmfg CLF. Giig k kccnlpkme bg enlhrgux

lfefstrgs gt cniigctfvfts bkes ik cnecgptfne gt ivkiuktfne bg igurs pniftfqugs puhifqugs.

Xnlkfe IWCKZGKW gst cnesuitket ge strktmfg gt lktrg bg cneargecgs Scfgecgs-pn,

kecfge ivg bg iGcnig Enrlkig Suprfgurg bg ik rug bWil gt bu Cniimg bgs Femefgurs.Spcfkifs bkes igs strktmfgs bg bvginppglget, fi k kccnlpkme piusfgurs mnuvgreg-

lgets ge Karfqug bu Enrb gt ku Lnyge-Nrfget. Kprs kvnfr t lkekmgr ku sgfe bgs

hurgkux bg Tkrfs gt bg Ckskhikeck bg Lneftnr Mrnup, ckhfegt aneb pkr igs Tr. Lfc`kgi

Tnrtgr gt Lkro Auiigr bg ik @krvkrb Husfegss Sc`nni, fi k rgjnfet ig hurgku bg Tkrfs bg

Xnikeb Hgrmgr Strktgmy Cnesuitkets.


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=

Snllkfrg

Cnlpnsftfne bg ik cnllfssfne................................................................................................................................ 3

Tfintg gt rkppnrtgurs ..................................................................................................................................................................... 7

SVER@SG

Qgrs ue enuvgku pkrkbfmlgbgs rgiktfnes getrg getrgprfsgs gt tgrrftnfrgs .............................................................................. ;;

WE CNESRKR KECFGE, BGS CNES[WGECGS ENWQGIIGS ........................................................................................... ;;

TNWX WEG KIIFKECG SRXKRMF[WG GERXG GERXGTXFSGS GR RGXXFRNFXGS ......................................... ;3

AKFXG LGXMGX BGS CNSVSRLGS BG CXNFSSKECG

CNIIKHNXKRFAS GR TGXANXLKERS ................................................................................................................................................. ;2

TNWX WEG TNIFRF[WG RGXXFRNXFKIG BG IGERXGTXFSG ............................................................................................. ;0

Syet`sg bgs rgcnllkebktfnes ...................................................................................................................... 8;

;. Xgpgesgr ik rgiktfnegetrg igetrgprfsg gt igs tgrrftnfrgs .................................................................................................. 87

IG LNBIG AXKEKFS :

BG IK TNIKXFSKRFNE ANECRFNEEGIIG IK CNLTIGPFAFCKRFNE .......................................................................... 87

BCGERXKIFSKRFNE, RGXXFRNXFKIFSKRFNE :

BGWP RGEBKECGS INWXBGS, LKFS BGS XANXLGS FLTKXAKFRGS ................................................................ 38


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0

Getrgprfsgs gt tgrrftnfrgs : pnur ge efr kvgc ifmenrkecg lutugiig

BGS CNSVSRLGS FESWAAFSKLLGER BQGINTTS .................................................................................................... 30

8. Akfrg lgrmgr bgs cnsystlgsbg crnfsskecg cniikhnrktfas gt pgranrlkets ............................................................ 23

IK TXNPFLFR, RGXXGKW BG IK CXKRFNE BG QKIGWX ................................................................................................ 23

KCCIXGX IG BQGINTTGLGER BGS CNSVSRLGS BKAAKFXGS ................................................................ 2=

IGS SRXKRMFGS XMFNEKIGS BG BQGINTTGLGER CNENLF[WG GR BFEENQKRFNE .............. 7;

3. Tnur ueg pniftfqug tgrrftnrfkig bg igetrgprfsg ............................. =3

IGS GERXGTXFSGS JNWGER WE XIG CI

BKES IG BQGINTTGLGER BGS CNSVSRLGS .................................................................................................................. =3

BQGINTTGX BGS SRXKRMFGS BFEENQKRFNE NWQGXRG .......................................................................................... =6

LNHFIFSGX IGS SNWXCGS BG CNLTRFRFQFR TXSGERGS SWX IGS RGXXFRNFXGS ......................... 0=

KBKTRGX INXMKEFSKRFNE FERGXEG BGS GERXGTXFSGS,

TNWX AKFXG BGS RGXXFRNFXGS WEG QXFRKHIG CNLTNSKERG BG IK SRXKRMFG ......................... 61

TNSRAKCG TKX EFCNIKS HNWZNW

Lnbgrefsgr ik pniftfqug cnenlfqug ge ik tgrrftnrfkifsket..........

;43


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Inhjgctfa bg cg rkppnrt gst bfbgetfafgr igs kpprnc`gs pkr igsqugiigs ig bvginp-

pglget bgs tgrrftnfrgs bef cnllg ueg ueft bkctfne pgrtfegetg ge lktfrg

cnenlfqug, qune sg pikcg bu pnfet bg vug bgs kctgurs puhifcs nu bgs getrgprfsgs

snft llg bg rgeanrcgr ik cnlptftfvft gt bg cnetrfhugr burkhiglget ik

crnfsskecg arkekfsg. Tkr ik ekturg llg bg igur prnpns, igs trkvkux bg ik

cnllfssfne Getrgprfsgs gt Rgrrftnfrgs bg iFestftut bg igetrgprfsg enet pks vncktfne

anurefr ueg bnctrfeg tnutg akftg, lgttrg ge uvrg bg lkefrg `nlnmeg, lkfs

cnestftugr ueg hntg nutfis pnur enurrfr igs blkrc`gs bgs bcfbgurs, puhifcs

cnllg prfvs. Ge lktfrg bg pniftfqugs cnenlfqugs inckigs, rfge eg pgut sg

suhstftugr ifetgiifmgecg bu tgrrkfe.

Ge gaagt c`kqug typg bgetrgprfsg, ge anectfne bg sne sgctgur bkctfvft, bg sk

tkfiig gt bg sne nrmkefsktfne prnprg, eg skurkft kppnrtgr sk zneg bflpiketktfne

ueg cnetrfhutfne bg llg ekturg. Gt tnus igs tgrrftnfrgs eg snet pks bgstfes

sufvrg ig llg lnbig bg bvginppglget.

Ge rgvkec`g, tnus pguvget, ge anectfne bg igur pntgetfgi, kccirgr igur bvg-

inppglget, trnuvgr igur pikcg bkes ig enuvgku pkrkbfmlg cnenlfqug qug

enus kppgines bg ens vux, gt, kfesf, heafcfgr bgs nppnrtuefts naagr tgs pkr

ik lnebfkifsktfne.

Trklhuig


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;;

IGS ENRGS BG IFESRFRWR Nctnhrg 84;3

SVER@SG

Qgrs ue enuvgku pkrkbfmlgbgs rgiktfnes getrg getrgprfsgsgt tgrrftnfrgs

WE CNESRKR KECFGE, BGS CNES[WGECGS ENWQGIIGS

Igs lutktfnes bg icnenlfg net, bgpufs ueg trgetkfeg bkeegs, kccru iflpnrtkecg bgs

hecgs qug igs getrgprfsgs tfrget bgs ifgux n giigs sflpiketget. Ge gaagt, bkes ue

cnetgxtg bg cnecurrgecg fetgrektfnekig gxkcgrhg, igs tgrrftnfrgs snet pnrtgurs bue

mrkeb enlhrg bgs akctgurs bg cnlptftfvft quf bcfbget bg ik russftg bgs prnjgts :

fearkstructurgs (trkespnrts, egrmfg, ticnlluefcktfne), hkssfes bglpinfs, prsgecg bg

cgetrgs bg rgc`grc`gs gt bg anrlktfne, qukift bu tfssu bg snus-trkftkets gt bg anurefs-

sgurs. Tkr kfiigurs, irg bg icnenlfg bg ik cneekfsskecg, lkrqug pkr ik prbnlf-

ekecg bgs kctfvfts tgrtfkfrgs, ifeenvktfne gt ik blktrfkifsktfne, ik ckpkcft kttfrgr gt

rgtgefr igs tkigets bgvfget ueg cnebftfne bg ik cnlptftfvft. Cgttg kttrkctfvft pkssg

pkr bgs akctgurs tgis quue ckbrg bg vfg kmrkhig, ueg flkmg pnsftfvg gt ue rig kctfa bkes

ig bvginppglget incki. Gee, ig rig kccru bg ifeenvktfne bkes igs cnenlfgs sftugs

pnur pkrtfg ik arnetfrg tgcèninmfqug ; k rgeanrc iflpnrtkecg bgs cnsystlgs inckux,cnllg ig lnetrg ik t`nrfg bgs ciustgrs bvginppg pkr Cnno gt Tnrtgr. 8

Cgs akctgurs lktrfgis gt fllktrfgis, bnet ik lktrfsg rgstg cnlpigxg, rgeanrcget ifetrt

pnur igetrgprfsg bg crgr bgs pkrtgekrfkts kvgc igs bfaargetgs pkrtfgs prgeketgs bg sne

gevfrneeglget fllbfkt.

;. Ik arnerg tgcèninmfqug sg beft cnllg igesglhig bgs tgcèninmfgs gxfstketgs igs pius gckcgs. Ik bfstkecg ik

arnerg tgcèninmfqug pgut trg befg pkr ickrt bg prnbucvft getrg ue sgc tgur ekneki gt sgs qufvkigets bkes uepkegi bg pkys bvginpps, nu bkes icnenlfg ik pius bvginppg sur cg sgctgur.

8. Sur ik befne bgs cnecgpts bg ciustgr, bcnsystlg gt bg tgrrftnfrg, ca. feark, geckbr p. 3;.


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;8

Getrgprfsgs gt tgrrftnfrgs : pnur ge efr kvgc ifmenrkecg lutugiig

Sf igs tgrrftnfrgs snet ge pkrtfg ik snurcg bg ik pgranrlkecg bgs getrgprfsgs, cgiigs-cf

cnetrfhuget fevgrsglget ku bvginppglget gt ik cn`sfne bg igur gevfrneeglget,

ckr giigs snet ig ifgu bg ik crktfne bg rfc`gssgs gt bg ik sncfkifsktfne bgs febfvfbus pkriglpinf. Tnrtgusgs bg prnjgts quf bpkssget ik sflpig bflgesfne utfiftkfrg, giigs ckek-

ifsget igs egrmfgs febfvfbugiigs ge akvgur bnhjgctfas cnllues gt cnestftuget kfesf iueg

bgs festftutfnes sncfkigs igs pius structurketgs.

Ig rig bgs getrgprfsgs bkes igs tgrrftnfrgs gst kppgi sg rgeanrcgr bkes uecnetgxtg bg crfsg n fi skmft bfbgetfgr, ku-bgi bgs trkesagrts sncfkux gt bgs

lckefslgs bg prquktfne, bg enuvgkux rgikfs bg bvginppglget gt n sg pnsgkvgc kcuft ik qugstfne bu lkfetfge gt bu rgeanrcglget bg entrg lnbig bg

cn`sfne sncfkig. Cnllg ig snuifmeg Ikurget Bkvgzfgs 3, cgrtkfes tgrrftnfrgs sgrnet, lnyge tgrlg, trs vuierkhigs kux c`ncs quf pnurrkfget bstkhfifsgr igs lckefslgs bg

trkesagrts sncfkux gt bg prquktfne 2.

Ig lnbig arkekfs, trs cgetrkifs, gst rgiktfvglget lnfes akvnrkhig qug bkutrgs cg

typg bvniutfnes, bkes ik lgsurg n fi tgeb `fstnrfquglget cnecgetrgr igs anectfnes bg

bcfsfne gt bg cnecgptfne bkes ik rmfne ckpftkig.

Ig cnestkt bue lnfebrg bvginppglget bgs tgrrftnfrgs pkr rkppnrt ik ckpftkig egst pks

enuvgku fi bktg tnut ig lnfes bg ;62= gt bu cihrg Tkrfs gt ig bsgrt arkekfs bg

Jgke-Arkenfs Mrkvfgr. Ge rgvkec`g, ig cnetgxtg enuvgku bueg cnenlfg sftug ik

arnetfrg tgc`eninmfqug gt snulfsg ueg kccirktfne bg ik cnecurrgecg fetgrektfnekig

ge fetgesfg anrtglget igs cnesqugecgs. Skes ueg prfsg bg cnescfgecg gt uegkctfne btgrlfeg, igs vniutfnes kctugiigs bgssfeget ig pnrtrkft ckrfckturki buegArkecg bukig, kvgc bue ct, ueg rmfne pkrfsfgeeg ku prglfgr rkem bgs febfck-tgurs cnenlfqugs (crktfne bg vkigur gt bgetrgprfsgs, prnbuctfvft, merktfne bghrgvgts), gt bg ikutrg bgs rmfnes arkekfsgs bfstkecgs, qugiqugs gxcgptfnes prs,

pkr igs kutrgs mrkebgs rmfnes, entkllget gurnpgeegs, cnllgecgr pkr bg enlhrguxIebgr kiiglkebs, quf net su kttgfebrg bgs tkfiigs gt bgs efvgkux bg spcfkifsktfne sua-

skets pnur prgebrg igur pikcg bkes ik lnebfkifsktfne.

3. Ikurget Bkvgzfgs, Ik crfsg quf vfget. Ik enuvgiig arkcturg tgrrftnrfkig, Sgufi, 84;8.

2. Kujnurb`uf, prs bg 84 % bg ik pnpuiktfne bu pkys sg trnuvg bkes bgs znegs bglpinf arkmfigs ? bkes ueg sur trnfs(;84 sur 374), iglpinf puhifc k pius prnmrgss bgpufs bfx kes qug iglpinf prfv. Cgrtkfes tgrrftnfrgs bpgebgetbsnrlkfs pius bg =4 % bgs rgvgeus ene lkrc`kebs : rgtrkftgs, glpinfs puhifcs, prgstktfnes sncfkigs. Bg pius, ikpkrt bgs cniigctfvfts tgrrftnrfkigs bkes iglpinf bflfeug: getrg ;666 gt 8442, giigs net cr 27.444 pnstgs pkr ke,`nrs trkesagrts ifs ik bcgetrkifsktfne, lkfs getrg 8447 gt 84;4, cg enlhrg tnlhg 83.444.


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;3IGS ENRGS BG IFESRFRWR Nctnhrg 84;3

Syet`sg : vgrs ue enuvgku pkrkbfmlg bgs rgiktfnes getrg getrgprfsgs gt tgrrftnfrgs

Cnllg ikvkft bj snuifme iFestftut bg igetrgprfsg e 84;;, bkes ig ckbrg bg sne cni-

inqug Getrgprfsgs gt Rgrrftnfrgs, ig rig bg igetrgprfsg cnllg akctgur bu bvginppglget

bgs tgrrftnfrgs, gt, rcfprnquglget, ik cnetrfhutfne bgs tgrrftnfrgs ik cnlptftfvft bgsgetrgprfsgs, sfis snet fecnetgstkhigs, snet skes bnutg lnfes pgrus ge Arkecg qukfiigurs,

ge rkfsne bg akctgurs `fstnrfqugs, pniftfqugs gt cuiturgis, lkfs mkiglget pkrcg qug ik

russftg bgs mrkebgs getrgprfsgs `gxkmnekigs bkes ig lnebg k gu pnur pgebket, tnrt

nu rkfsne, ik pgrcgptfne bue bsgemkmglget imkrb bgs tgrrftnfrgs.

TNWX WEG KIIFKECG SRXKRMF[WG GERXG GERXGTXFSGS

GR RGXXFRNFXGS

Cgs vniutfnes fevftget pgesgr ue c`kemglget bg lnbig : ik rgiktfne getrgigs getrgprfsgs gt igs tgrrftnfrgs bnft cnestftugr ue gejgu strktmfqug, gt, bg cgakft, sg bpinygr bkes ig tglps. Igs tgrrftnfrgs eg snet pius sflpiglget ig ckbrgegutrg bg ikctfne bgs getrgprfsgs. Fis rgprsgetget bg vrftkhigs akctgurs bg cnlptftfvft

gt rgqufrget bg ik pkrt bgs kctgurs prfvs ue fevgstfssglget prgeeg piutt qug pnectugi.

Xcfprnquglget, pnur igs tgrrftnfrgs, ik cnlptftfvft skcqufgrt pkr bgs strktmfgs bg

inemug `kigfeg, ckpkhigs bg lnhfifsgr igesglhig bgs kctgurs cnecgres : getrgprfsgs,

uefvgrsfts, kctgurs puhifcs gt gee cftnyges.

Ik russftg pkrtkmg bgs tgrrftnfrgs gt bgs getrgprfsgs pkssg pkr ue enuvgku lnbig bg

cnekecg vfs--vfs bg ik sp`rg cnenlfqug. Tfgrrg Ck`uc gt Vkee Kimke 7 rglkrqukfget

bj ge 844= qugi pnfet igetrgprfsg gt ig lkrc` tkfget inhjgt bg ik lkecg bg ens

cnecftnyges, tkebfs qug igs pkys kemin-skxnes y vnfget hfge bkvketkmg iue bgs lntgurs

bu bvginppglget cnenlfqug gt sncftki. Ik cnetrfhutfne sncfkig bg igetrgprfsg gst

snuvget cnesfbrg cnllg ue -ct bg sne kctfvft, nu rgigvket bu bfscnurs flpns bg

ik rgspneskhfift sncfkig gt gevfrneeglgetkig , ku rfsqug bueg bvftkifsktfne bg cgllg bfscnurs, bg iflkmg, gt ge beftfvg bg ik ckpkcft bgetrkeglget bgs getrgprfsgs.

Kinrs qug ik Arkecg gst pinemg bkes iueg bgs crfsgs cnenlfqugs igs pius prnanebgs bg

sne `fstnfrg, akfrg ektrg nu rgektrg cgttg cnekecg gst ue gejgu lkjgur, ge pkrtfcuifgr

ku efvgku incki, ifgu n sg bcfbget, cnecrtglget, ik russftg nu ic`gc bgs prnjgts,

qufis kfget pnur nrfmfeg ik sp`rg puhifqug nu prfvg.

7.Vkee Kimke, Tfgrrg Ck`uc, Ik Sncft bg Bkecg. Cnllget ig lnbig arkekfs skutnbtruft, Trgssgs bg ik XugbWil, 844=


13/112

;2

Getrgprfsgs gt tgrrftnfrgs : pnur ge aefr kvgc ifmenrkecg lutugiig

Trgeket kctg bg cgs vniutfnes, piusfgurs ranrlgs qufi skmfssg bgs Kctgs succgssfas

bg ik Bcgetrkifsktfne nu bg mrkebgs pniftfqugs ektfnekigs, cnllg igs pigs bg cnlp-

tftfvft nu pius rcgllget ig Trnmrkllg bgs Fevgstfssglgets bKvgefr net tget cgsvfemt bgrefrgs keegs bg rpnebrg cgs gejgux pkr ik tgrrftnrfkifsktfne bgs pniftfqugs

puhifqugs bg snutfge ku bvginppglget cnenlfqug gt ifeenvktfne. Anrcg gst bg

cnestktgr qug cg lnuvglget gst infe btrg kc`gv.

5 Bueg pkrt, ik tgrrftnrfkifsktfne ge sfin bgs bfspnsftfas bg snutfge kux getrgprfsgsk piutt khnutf ueg juxtkpnsftfne bnutfis (ig aklgux lfiigagufiig festftutfneegi kuqugi cnetrfhug c`kqug lfefstrg, c`kqug kblfefstrktfne, c`kqug cniigctfvft)skes pike bgesglhig gt skes vrftkhigs syegrmfgs getrg gux, gt ge beftfvg, skes

prnjgt cnllue.5 Bkutrg pkrt, igs pniftfqugs bg cnlptftfvft pkr ifeenvktfne (pkr gxglpig igs pigsbg cnlptftfvft) net gu tgebkecg bkvketkmg vfsgr ik X&B cniikhnrktfvg getrg igpuhifc gt ig prfv qug ik cnequtg bgs lkrc`s, fevgrsket ge cg sges igs afes gtigs lnyges.

Ku vu bg cgs bfaargets ilgets, gt kinrs qug sg bgssfeg iKctg FFF bg ik bcge-trkifsktfne, fi kppkrkt febfspgeskhig bg lfgux prgebrg ge cnlptg igejgu qugcnestftug ik rgiktfne getrg getrgprfsgs gt tgrrftnfrgs cnllg snurcg bg cnlptftf-vft rgenuvgig, gt cg tftrg, bge akfrg ue nhjgt bu bhkt puhifc. Fi ge vk bg ikrgspneskhfift bg igesglhig bgs kctgurs quf akneeget ens tgrrftnfrgs.

AKFXG LGXMGX BGS CNSVSRLGS BG CXNFSSKECGCNIIKHNXKRFAS GR TGXANXLKERS

Ikiifkecg strktmfqug getrg getrgprfsgs gt tgrrftnfrgs k pnur pgebket cnecrgt ig bvg-

inppglget bue gesglhig bcnsystlgs inckux bg crnfsskecg cniikhnrktfas gt pgranr-

lkets, llg, pkr ik luitfpifcktfne bgs c`kemgs, bg suscftgr i`khftubg bu trkvkfi ge

cnllue, gt pkr cg hfkfs, ueg cnevgrmgecg bgs vugs gt bgs fetrts, ge prgeket ge

cnlptg igs kttgetgs gt ik ckpkcft bg c`kqug kctgur cnetrfhugr ku prnjgt cnllue.

Igs hecgs kssncfs ku bvginppglget bcnsystlgs pgranrlkets snet luitfpigs :

lgrmgecg akcfiftg bueg vfsfne cnllueg gt byeklfqug - pkrtkmg pkr igesglhig bgs

kctgurs, enurrfg bg ifetrt rcfprnqug bgs getrgprfsgs gt bgs ius crgr bg ik crnfsskecg


14/112



gt bg iglpinf gt bvginppgr igs rgssnurcgs bu tgrrftnfrg - bvginppglget bg ifgux

akvnrfsket ifeenvktfne nuvgrtg gt igs nppnrtuefts bkaakfrgs. Sf tnus igs tgrrftnfrgs

rgciget bg tgiigs pntgetfkifts, igs strktmfgs cnestrufrg pnur igs bvginppgr bnfvgettrg bfaargecfgs. Kfesf, cgrtkfes tgrrftnfrgs net bkvketkmg vncktfne tfrgr ik cnlptftf-

vft arkekfsg sur ig pike fetgrektfneki.

Cgttg klhftfne flpifqug qug igejgu bg ik cnlptftfvft bgs tgrrftnfrgs snft cnesf-br cnllg strktmfqug, pnrt ku pius kut efvgku, gt ku cur bgs klhftfnes bgsbcfbgurs inckux. Ig bvginppglget bcnsystlgs bkaakfrgs cnlptftfas bnft, bg cgakft, prgebrg rkcfeg bkes ue prnjgt gxpifcftg bg cnequtg bgs lkrc`s ku trkvgrs bg huts

bg mugrrg 1 pkrtkms getrg ius gt getrgprfsgs, cnllg rpnesg ue hgsnfe pkrtkm bg

crktfne bg vkigur, bg c`faarg bkaakfrgs gt bglpinfs bkes ue tgrrftnfrg. Ikppkrtgekecgcnllueg ue tgrrftnfrg anebg kfesf ik pnssfhfift bue prnjgt cnenlfqug cniigctfa.

Cgik suppnsg cgpgebket bg rgeanrcgr ig rig bg cktkiysgurs bgs ius inckuxgt bg lgttrg ge uvrg ueg vrftkhig mnuvgrekecg cnenlfqug bgs tgrrftnfrgs(Xgcnllkebktfne e ;). Fi skmft bnec pnur igs ius bg pkssgr bu trkbftfneegi kl-ekmglget bu tgrrftnfrg cgiuf, pius gxfmgket, bg cktkiysgurs bgs nhjgctfascnllues bg cnequtg bgs lkrc`s. Cgs nhjgctfas bgvrnet rgpnsgr sur ueg ckrtn-mrkp`fg cikfrg bgs ktnuts bu tgrrftnfrg gt bg sgs pntgetfkifts, sur ueg vfsfne bgs gejgux

kssncfs sne bvginppglget ku efvgku incki, ektfneki gt gurnpge, sur ueg cnlpr`ge-

sfne bg igevfrneeglget gxtgreg gt entkllget bg ik pnsftfne bgs kutrgs tgrrftnfrgs

cnecurrgets , gt geafe sur ueg cneekfsskecg prcfsg bgs nutfis gt bfspnsftfas bj

gxfstkets bkes ig tgrrftnfrg, sur igsqugis ne pnurrk skppuygr.

Iikhnrktfne cgs vfsfnes strktmfqugs kppgiig ecgsskfrglget ik lfsg ge pikcg bueg

enuvgiig anrlg bg mnuvgrekecg tgrrftnrfkig pgrlgttket ik cnevgrmgecg bgs vfsfnes bgs

bfaargets efvgkux festftutfneegis (lfefstrgs, cniigctfvfts) vgrs ue prnjgt cnllue. Igs

cneargecgs tgrrftnrfkigs bg ikctfne puhifqug, prvugs bkes ig prnjgt bg inf sur ik bcge-trkifsktfne, pnurrkfget jnugr cg rig sf tket gst qugiigs skccnlpkmeget bue vrftkhig

prnjgt strktmfqug pkrtkm, bnet iue bgs suppnrts pnssfhigs pnurrkft trg ig Sc`lk

rmfneki bg bvginppglget cnenlfqug, bfeenvktfne gt bfetgrektfnekifsktfne qug igs

Xmfnes bnfvget htfr. Weg pkrtfg bgs trkesagrts bg itkt kux cniigctfvfts pnurrkft trg

ge pkrtfg cnebftfneeg ku rgspgct bg cg sc`lk.

1. Igxprgssfne huts bg mugrrg , kfesf qug bkutrgs ltkp`nrgs mugrrfrgs pkrsglket ig tgxtg, eg rgevnfget pks ifbgbg mugrrg cnenlfqug, lkfs hfge piutt ik ecgssft, hfge lfsg ge gxgrmug pkr ik scfgecg strktmfqug, bg xgr ue ckp

lnhfifsktgur ikcne cniigcvg.


15/112

;1


Gee, fi kppkrkt tnut akft febfspgeskhig qug snfget kssncfgs iikhnrktfne bg cg prn-

jgt strktmfqug igesglhig bgs pkrtfgs prgeketgs gt entkllget igs getrgprfsgs prfvgs,

qufi skmfssg bgs mrkebs mrnupgs nu bgs GRF gt TLG inckigs, pkr ueg pkrtfcfpktfne, llgiflftg, bg cgs bgrefrgs kux auturgs cneargecgs tgrrftnrfkigs bg ikctfne puhifqug gt ku

autur @kut Cnesgfi bgs tgrrftnfrgs.

We nhsgrvktnfrg bg ik mnuvgrekecg cnenlfqug bgs rmfnes gt ltrnpnigs pnurrkft,

ge kekiysket ik qukift bg cgs nrmkefsktfnes tgrrftnrfkigs, vgefr kfbgr ik lfsg ge uvrg bg

cgs cnsystlgs bg crnfsskecg, snifbgs gt cn`rgets.

Bkes ue bguxflg tglps, lgttrg ge uvrg cgs prnjgts strktmfqugs rgqufgrt bkif-

megr igs nrmkefsktfnes bgs cniigctfvfts, igurs bfrgctfnes gt igurs nutfis sur igs huts bg mugrrg bgs tgrrftnfrgs kfesf befs (Xgcnllkebktfne e 8) . Fi skmft tnut

bkhnrb bfestftugr bgs hrks krls =, llg bg pfintgr ig prnjgt cnenlfqug bg lkefrg

nprktfneegiig mrcg bgs febfcktgurs gt bg cnnrbneegr igs bfaargets nutfis bg snutfge ku

bvginppglget bgs cnsystlgs inckux (pigs, fecuhktgurs), quf anectfneeget kujnurbùf

trnp pgu ge syegrmfg. Ge anectfne bgs cnetgxtgs, cgs hrks krls pnurrnet trg ue sgr-

vfcg bg ik cniigctfvft cnesfbrg nu hfge ue nprktgur gxtgreg merkifstg, pkr gxglpig

ueg kmgecg bg bvginppglget, nu spcfkifs, cnllg ue pig bg cnlptftfvft. Bkes tnus

igs cks, igs cniigctfvfts gt igurs nprktgurs bgvrnet akfrg vniugr igur anectfneeglget

pnur trg bkvketkmg cgetrs sur iuskmgr qugst igetrgprfsg, rgeanrcgr igur snupigssg,

ge rnlpket kvgc ik inmfqug bg mgstfne ge sfin bgs bfaargetgs pniftfqugs puhifqugs gt sg

bntgr bgs lnyges bklifnrgr igurs cnlptgecgs bkes igs bnlkfegs gssgetfgis ku

bvginppglget bgs cnsystlgs bfeenvktfne gt bg crnfsskecg : ik vgfiig lkrc` gt

iketfcfpktfne bgs rgikfs bg crnfsskecg, ik ckpkcft bfkinmugr kvgc igs getrgprfsgs,

ikttrkctfne bg anebs bfevgstfssglget. Ik cniikhnrktfne puhifc / prfv pnurrkft, bkes ueg

tgiig nptfqug, vgefr gerfc`fr ik anrlktfne bgs auturs ckbrgs tket bg ikblfefstrktfne qug

bg igetrgprfsg.

We tgi c`kemglget pkssg mkiglget pkr ifetmrktfne bg pniftfqugs inckigs, gt bkpprnc`gs

getrgprgegurfkigs, quf pguvget, c`kcueg sne efvgku, cnetrfhugr akneegr ue gevfrne-

eglget pius akvnrkhig ik cnlptftfvft. Igs tgrrftnfrgs pguvget tnut bkhnrb jnugrue rig lkjgur pnur kccirgr nu kttfrgr ifeenvktfne ge sg cnestftuket ge lkrc`stgsts (Xgcnllkebktfne e 3) pnur bgs getrgprfsgs bsfrgusgs bgxprflgetgr bg

=. Enus glpinynes ig tgrlg bg hrks krl bg ik cniigctfvft pnur bsfmegr ueg festkecg gxcutketg , qufi skmfssgbue sgrvfcg tgcèfqug ku sgfe bg ikblfefstrkne nu buenprktgur gxtgreg ekec pkr ik cniigcvft. Cgg festkecg gst

kppgig hrks krl bs inrs qugiig k pnur lfssfne gxpifcftg bg lgttrg ge uvrg ik strktmf g cnenlfqug bcfbg pkr

igs festkecgs mnuvgreketgs bgs tgrrftnfrgs gt qune ik bntg bg lnyges spcfqugs (ùlkfes, ekecfgrs) pnur ig akfrg.


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;=IGS ENRGS BG IFESRFRWR Nctnhrg 84;3


enuvgiigs sniutfnes. Fi skmft pnur cgik bg igvgr igs argfes gxfstkets igxprflge-tktfne gt iuskmg bg ik cnllkebg puhifqug. Ikc`kt puhifc rgprsgetg ge gaagt

ue igvfgr ekecfgr sfmefcktfa, quf pnurrkft trg bkvketkmg lnhfifs pnur kccirgr igbvginppglget bg sniutfnes feenvketgs bkes bgs sgctgurs ifs ku bvginppglget urhkfe

(cnestructfne, trkespnrt, qukift bg ikfr, sgrvfcgs ik pgrsneeg). Cgik suppnsg ueg trkes-

anrlktfne structurgiig bgs nrmkefsktfnes puhifqugs vfsket lfgux akfrg bfkinmugr getrg

gux igs bfaargets sgrvfcgs (kc`kt, jurfbfqug, bvginppglget cnenlfqug), bpkssgr

ikvgrsfne ku rfsqug qug suppnsg ikc`kt bg prnjgts feenvkets gt rgeanrcgr ik cnnprktfne

kvgc igs getrgprfsgs sur cgs qugstfnes. Fi sgrkft skes bnutg mkiglget pgrtfeget bg rgvnfr

ig cnbg bgs lkrc`s puhifcs, ge rgebket cnetrkfmeket ikrtfcig 81 bg ik ILG, quf prvnft

qug igs pgrsneegs puhifqugs pufssget rsgrvgr ueg pkrtfg bg igurs lkrc`s puhifcs kux

TLG feenvketgs, cnllg iy fevftkft ig rkppnrt Mkiinfs.

Tkr kfiigurs, igs cnsystlgs tgrrftnrfkifss bg crnfsskecg net vncktfne bgvgefrbg vrftkhigs crgusgts bg ifeenvktfne nuvgrtg (Xgcnllkebktfne 2), ge skppuyketsur ueg enuvgiig naarg bg ifgux urhkfes, vnfrg bg qukrtfgrs cnlpigts, tnuresvgrs ik crktfvft, ig cn-bgsfme, ig prntntypkmg (ifvfem ikhs, akh ikhs, bgsfme cgetgrs),ik pr-cnllgrcfkifsktfne bgs feenvktfnes, kfesf qug ik rfevgetfne bgs husfegss

lnbgis gt ik stfluiktfne bg igetrgprgegurfkt ( mkrkmgs , cklpus pnur TLG feen-vketgs gt stkrt-up, `tgis bg prnjgts). Cgs enuvgkux ifgux, prnprgs rgeanrcgr sfmefcktf-

vglget igs cnsystlgs bg crnfsskecg, bgvrkfget trg anrtglget rgifs kux byeklfqugs

bg ciustgrs bj gxfstketgs bkes igs tgrrftnfrgs gt kux nutfis bg snutfge ku bvginppglget

bgs getrgprfsgs. Ik prnxflft mnmrkp`fqug pgrlgttrkft mkiglget ig cn-fevgstfssglget,

getrg bgs getrgprfsgs gt igs pnuvnfrs puhifcs, bkes bgs nutfis lutukifss, pnur bneegr

kccs bgs qufpglgets quf sgrkfget trnp c`grs pnur ueg getrgprfsg febfvfbugiig nu ue

getrgprgegur, ku sgfe bg pkrcs bkctfvfts pkr gxglpig.

Gee, fi sgrkft `kutglget snu`kftkhig bg lgttrg bg pikcg ue vrftkhig pkrtgekrfkt

getrg igs cniigctfvfts gt igs mrkebgs getrgprfsgs pnur bvginppgr bgs strktmfgsbkttrkctfne pius cfhigs gt pius gackcgs gevgrs igs tkigets igs pius ge p`ksg

kvgc igs huts bg mugrrg (Xgcnllkebktfne e 7). Ik cniigctfvft pnurrkft sgemkmgr akcfiftgr igs cnebftfnes bfestkiiktfne gt naarfr ueg qukift bg vfg kttrkctfvg, tkebfs qug igs

getrgprfsgs mkrketfrkfget ik qukift bgs cnebftfnes bg trkvkfi, pkr gxglpig ge klekmgket igs

`nrkfrgs nu ge prnpnsket bgs sniutfnes bg titrkvkfi. Ku-bgi, igs cnebftfnes bkttrkctfne

bgs lgfiigurs tkigets snet luitfpigs : qukift bg vfg gt pniftfqugs puhifqugs kssncfgs,

rputktfne bgs cniigctfvfts gt bgs getrgprfsgs wgicnlg pkcokmgs, rgeanrcglget bgs

festftutfnes kckblfqugs gt bg anrlktfne, crktfne bue ciflkt prnpfcg kux kaakfrgs,

ckpftki-rfsqug nu ranrlgs pius structurgiigs bg ik sckift nu bg ik rmiglgetktfne.


17/112

;0


We tgi rgenuvgiiglget bgs prktfqugs eg pgut sg bcfbgr pkr bcrgt. Fi gst bkhnrb ig

akft bueg cnemurktfne n c`kqug kctgur trnuvg fetrt jnugr sk pkrtfg, cg quf gst

kujnurb`uf trnp rkrglget ig cks. Fi sgrk bnec gssgetfgi bg prnlnuvnfr ueg vrf-tkhig cuiturg bu anectfneeglget ge cnsystlg gt bg ik cnnprktfne kuprsbg igesglhig bgs pkrtfgs prgeketgs mrkebgs getrgprfsgs, TLG, rgc`grc`g gtgesgfmeglget suprfgur, cniigctfvfts ke qugiigs bfspnsget bueg cnlpr-

`gesfne cikfrg bg igur rig ku sgfe bgs cnsystlgs (Xgcnllkebktfne e 1).

TNWX WEG TNIFRF[WG RGXXFRNXFKIG BG IGERXGTXFSG

Tkrkiiiglget ku rgenuvgiiglget bgs prktfqugs puhifqugs, ik prnlntfne bueg vrftkhig

pniftfqug tgrrftnrfkig bg igetrgprfsg sgrk ecgsskfrg. Snet ge jgu fcf, ik strktmfg gt

inrmkefsktfne bg igetrgprfsg giigs-llgs, ke bg rgpgesgr ge prnanebgur ik rgiktfne bgs

kctgurs prfvs kux cnestftukets bgs cnsystlgs tgrrftnrfkux.

Igs tgrrftnfrgs snet ig ifgu ekturgi bgs strktmfgs bfeenvktfne nuvgrtg. cgt mkrb, igs

pigs bg cnlptftfvft pguvget cnestftugr ue nutfi prfvfimf. Weg tgiig vniutfne eg pgut

vgefr qug bgs kctgurs gux-llgs : kux getrgprfsgs quf y pkrtfcfpget bg sg skfsfr bg cgt

gejgu, ene pks pnur sg suhstftugr ik pufsskecg puhifqug, lkfs pnur rgeanrcgr igur

pgranrlkecg inem tgrlg. Fi skmfrkft kfesf bg akfrg bgs pigs bgs fecuhktgurs enuvgkux husfegss (Xgcnllkebktfne e =), lnhfifsket, ku-bgi bg ik sguig

X&B, tnutgs igs anrlgs bfeenvktfne ku sgrvfcg bg ik cnequtg bgs lkrc`skujnurb`uf trnp pgu prfsgs ge cnlptg bkes iikhnrktfne bgs prnjgts. cgttg e,

ku-bgi bgs pkrtgekrfkts puhifc / prfv quf net jusqufcf t prnlus pkr igs pigs,

fi sgrkft mkiglget pgrtfeget bgxpinftgr ku lfgux ig pntgetfgi bgs pigs pnurge akfrg bg vrftkhigs kmgecgs lktrflnefkigs llg bg akfrg lgrmgr bgs

kiifkecgs getrg kctgurs prfvs (Xgcnllkebktfne e 0), qufi skmfssg bg mrkebs mrnupgsnu bg TLG.

Ifeenvktfne, cgpgebket, egst quue bgs cnestftukets bgs strktmfgs bgs getrgprfsgs.

Ku-bgi, cgiigs-cf pnurrkfget lnhfifsgr bkvketkmg igesglhig bgs rgssnurcgs prsgetgs

bkes igs tgrrftnfrgs pnur kccrntrg igur cnlptftfvft : rgeanrcgr igur kccs kux lkrc`sgt ikccgptkhfift bg igurs prnbufts vfk ikppuf sur bgs lkrc`s tgsts gt bgsblnestrktgurs (Xgcnllkebktfne e 6), rgeanrcgr igur kccs kux cnlptgecgsvfk ueg mgstfne inem tgrlg gt cnecgrtg bgs hkssfes bg cnlptgecgs (Xgcnl-

lkebktfne e ;4), bvginppgr ik c`kssg ge lgutg ge Arkecg gt ifetgrektfneki


18/112



pnur rgeanrcgr igur anrcg bg arkppg igxpnrt (Xgcnllkebktfne e ;;), nrmkefsgrik lutukifsktfne bgs lnyges gt bnutfis bg prnbuctfne pnur bflfeugr igs cnts, bkes

ig cks pkr gxglpig bg p`ksgs merfqugs bg bvginppglget (Xgcnllkebktfne e ;8).

Cgs kctfnes eg pnr tgrnet igurs arufts qug sf giigs sfescrfvget bkes ueg blkrc`g minhkig

bg ik pkrt bg igetrgprfsg, prgeket ge cnlptg ig tgrrftnfrg cnllg ue tnut, gt ene cnllg

ueg juxtkpnsftfne bg, hksgs bg prnbuctfne nu cgetrgs bg X&B. Ik rgiktfne getrg getrg-prfsgs gt tgrrftnfrgs bnft bg cg akft trg cnesfbrg cnllg ue gejgu rgigvketbg ik strktmfg bg igetrgprfsg, bg ifevgstfssglget inem tgrlg gt bnec bg ikbfrgctfne merkig (Xgcnllkebktfne e ;3). Bkes cgttg pgrspgctfvg, inrmkefsktfnefetgreg bgs getrgprfsgs sg bnft bg lfgux prgebrg ge cnlptg cgs gejgux, ge akvn-

rfsket igs kpprnc`gs trkesvgrskigs, gt igs blkrc`gs bcinfsneegs kssncfketigesglhig bgs anectfnes pgrtfegetgs feenvktfne, lkrogtfem, kc`kts, (Xgcnl-lkebktfne e ;2). Sguig ueg tgiig strktmfg pgrlgttrk bgxpinftgr ku lfgux igs snurcgsbg crktfvft prsgetgs igxtrfgur bg igetrgprfsg. Weg tgiig rgxfne pnuvket bkfiigurs

trg tgebug kux pkrtgekfrgs sncfkux, kvgc ueg pius mrkebg kutnenlfg gt ckpkcft

bkctfne bgs nrmkefsktfnes syebfckigs gt pktrnekigs ku efvgku bgs tgrrftnfrgs.

Cgttg kpprnc`g fescrftg bkes ig tglps inem gst kfesf llg bg mergr bgs pkrtgekrfkts

stkhigs kvgc igs tgrrftnfrgs igs pius pgrtfegets pnur igetrgprfsg. Cgttg pniftfqug tgrrftn-

rfkig, tnut ge rgeanrket ik pgranrlkecg bg igetrgprfsg, gst kussf ik pius suscgptfhig bg

rgenuvgigr ig sges bg igemkmglget cftnyge bg igetrgprfsg. Tkr gxglpig, ik lfsg gepikcg bg anebs bfevgstfssglgets vnus ku bvginppglget tgrrftnrfki ge ifgekvgc igs huts bg mugrrg fbgetfs kvgc igs tgrrftnfrgs kppkrkt cnllg ue lnyge

bg rgvftkifsktfne bgs prktfqugs gt bu bfscnurs sur ik rgspneskhfift sncfkig gtgevfrneeglgetkig . (Xgcnllkebktfne e ;7).

Sur cg sujgt, cg snet bkhnrb ik vug bgesglhig gt ikppgi ue c`kemglget bg cuiturg

quf flpnrtget, kvket bgevfskmgr bg prs tgi nu tgi igvfgr spcfqug. Igs prnpnsftfnes bgcg rkppnrt bnfvget trg cnesfbrgs cnllg kutket bnutfis vfsket ue sgui hut : akfrg bg

ik rgiktfne getrg igs tgrrftnfrgs gt igs getrgprfsgs ue gejgu strktmfqug gt bg inem tgrlg,

ku pius mrkeb hecg bg tnus. cgttg cnebftfne lgrmgrnet bg vrftkhigs cnsystlgs

bkaakfrgs, luitfbflgesfneegis bkes igur bvginppglget gt ikttrkctfvft rgeanrcg, quf

sgrnet llg bg sgrvfr bg incnlntfvgs pnur igesglhig bu tgrrftnfrg `gxkmneki.


19/112

8;IGS ENRGS BG IFESRFRWR Nctnhrg 84;3

Syet`sg bgs rgcnllkebktfnes

Kux ius inckux gt kux cniigctfvfts :

Xgcnllkebktfne ; : rgeanrcgr ig rig bg cktkiysgur bgs ius rmfnekux gt inckux gtlgttrg ge uvrg ueg enuvgiig anrlg bg mnuvgrekecg cnenlfqug bgs tgrrftnfrgs.

5 ikhnrgr ue prnjgt bg tgrrftnfrg abrktgur nrfget gxpifcftglget vgrs ik cnequtg bgslkrc`s

5 Akfrg bgs ius inckux bgs cktkiysgurs bg ik strktmfg bg igurs tgrrftnfrgs

5 Lgttrg ge pikcg ue nutfi bg mnuvgrekecg tgrrftnrfkig, cn`rget gt gackcg

5 Kssncfgr igs getrgprfsgs ik beftfne bgs huts bg mugrrg gt igs fetmrgr kux

festkecgs bg mnuvgrekecg bgs tgrrftnfrgs

5 Lgttrg ge pikcg ue nhsgrvktnfrg bg ik mnuvgrekecg cnenlfqug bgs rmfnes gt bgsltrnpnigs

Xgcnllkebktfne 8 : kifmegr igs nrmkefsktfnes bgs cniigctfvfts, igurs bfrgctfnes gt igursnutfis sur igs huts bg mugrrg bgs tgrrftnfrgs.

5 Lgttrg ge pikcg igs structurgs gt inrmkefsktfne ecgsskfrgs ik lfsg ge uvrg bg

ik strktmfg befg pkr igs ius ? bsfmegr ue hrks krl ge c`krmg bu pfintkmg gtbu sufvf bg cgttg strktmfg kfesf qug bg ik cnnrbfektfne bgs nutfis gxfstkets

5 Tikcgr iuskmgr qugst igetrgprfsg ku cgetrg bu systlg.

5 Kbnptgr ue anectfneeglget trkesvgrski getrg igs sgrvfcgs bgs cniigctfvfts, pnurrgeanrcgr igur snupigssg.

5 Bneegr kux cniigctfvfts igs lnyges bg lgttrg ge uvrg gt bg cnebufrg gackcglgetik strktmfg lkrc` bu tgrrftnfrg, y cnlprfs pkr ueg lnetg ge cnlptgecgs bgigurs kblfefstrktfnes.


20/112

88


Xgcnllkebktfne 3 : kccirgr gt kttfrgr ifeenvktfne ge akfsket bgs tgrrftnfrgs bgs lkr-c`s tgsts , entkllget ge igvket igs argfes gxfstkets igxprflgetktfne gt iuskmg bg

ik cnllkebg puhifqug.

Xgcnllkebktfne 2 : skppuygr sur ik prnxflft mnmrkp`fqug gt igs gspkcgs urhkfespnur akfrg bu tgrrftnfrg ue crgusgt bg crktfvft gt gecnurkmgr ik lutukifsktfne bg lnyges

Xgcnllkebktfne 7 : tkhifr ue pkrtgekrfkt tgrrftnfrg / glpinygurs ku efvgku incki pnurkttfrgr igs tkigets gt suscftgr ik lnhfift bgs rgssnurcgs `ulkfegs

Xgcnllkebktfne 1 : prnlnuvnfr ueg vrftkhig cuiturg bu anectfneeglget ge cnsys-

tlg gt bg ik cnnprktfne, kuprs bg igesglhig bgs pkrtfgs prgeketgs mrkebgs getrg-prfsgs, TLG, kctgurs kckblfqugs, cniigctfvfts.

Kux getrgprfsgs :

Xgcnllkebktfne = : pnur stfluigr igs prktfqugs bfeenvktfne nuvgrtg, akfrg bgspigs bg cnlptftfvft bgs fecuhktgurs, lnhfifsket, ku-bgi bg ik sguig X&B, tnutgs

igs anrlgs bfeenvktfne.

Xgcnllkebktfne 0 : ku-bgi bgs pkrtgekrfkts puhifc / prfv jusqufcf prnlus pkr igspigs bg cnlptftfvft, gxpinftgr ku lfgux igur pntgetfgi pnur ge akfrg bg vrftkhigs

kmgecgs lktrflnefkigs pnur igs kctgurs bg icnenlfg inckig.

Xgcnllkebktfne 6 : rgeanrcgr, pnur igs getrgprfsgs, ikccs kux lkrc`s gt ikccgp-tkhfift bgs prnbufts vfk ig bvginppglget bgs lkrc`s tgsts gt bgs blnestrktgurs.

Xgcnllkebktfne ;4 : rgeanrcgr ikccs kux cnlptgecgs vfk ueg mgstfne inem tgrlggt cnecgrtg bgs hkssfes bg cnlptgecgs.

Xgcnllkebktfne ;; : bvginppgr ik c`kssg ge lgutg ge Arkecg gt ifetgrektfnekipnur rgeanrcgr ik anrcg bg arkppg bgs getrgprfsgs arkekfsgs, vfk ik cnestructfne bnaargs

fetmrgs nu ik lfsg ge pikcg bkiifkecgs strktmfqugs.


21/112


Syet`sg bgs rgcnllkebktfnes

Xgcnllkebktfne ;8 : nrmkefsgr, inrsqug cgik gst pnssfhig, ik lutukifsktfne bgs lnygesgt bgs nutfis bg prnbuctfne pnur bflfeugr igs cnts, pkr gxglpig bkes ig cks bg p`ksgs

merfqugs bg bvginppglget.

Xgcnllkebktfne ;3 : cnesfbrgr igs tgrrftnfrgs cnllg bgs qugstfnes strktmfqugs,vrftkhigs gejgux bg bfrgctfne merkig ku efvgku mrnupg.

Xgcnllkebktfne ;2 : kbkptgr inrmkefsktfne fetgreg bgs getrgprfsgs pnur pgrlgttrg iklfsg ge pikcg bkpprnc`gs trkesvgrskigs bgs tgrrftnfrgs, ge cnestrufsket bgs blkrc`gs

bcinfsneegs kssncfket igesglhig bgs anectfnes pgrtfegetgs feenvktfne, lkrogtfem,

kc`kts. Bkes ig llg gsprft, akfrg vniugr inrmkefsktfne bgs pkrtgekfrgs sncfkux vgrs

bgs lnbgs bkctfne pius tgrrftnrfkux gt pius prnc`gs bu tgrrkfe.

Xgcnllkebktfne ;7 : rgenuvgigr igemkmglget cftnyge bgs getrgprfsgs ge akfsket bgspkrtgekrfkts bg inemug `kigfeg kvgc ik sp`rg puhifqug, gt ge pkrtfcuifgr igs tgrrftnfrgs,

ue igvfgr prfvfimf bg ik rgspneskhfift sncfkig gt gevfrneeglgetkig. Bkes cgttg nptfqug,

bvginppgr bgs gxprflgetktfnes bg cniikhnrktfne puhifc / prfv (lfsg bfspnsftfne

bkppuf gt bgxpgrtfsg, feftfktfvgs ;4 pufsskecg 1 bg cniikhnrktfne getrg c`gas

bgetrgprfsg gt ius, lcekt bg cnlptgecgs, gtc.)


22/112

;


Xgpgesgr ik rgiktfne

getrg igetrgprfsg gt igs tgrrftnfrgs

IG LNBIG AXKEKFS :

BG IK TNIKXFSKRFNE ANECRFNEEGIIG IK CNLTIGPFAFCKRFNE

Ik Arkecg `rftg bue lnbig cgetrkifsktgur gt pnikrfs

Ik rgiktfne getrg igs getrgprfsgs gt igs tgrrftnfrgs rgstg, kujnurb`uf, structurg pkr ik anrtg

pnikrfsktfne bg igspkcg `gxkmneki. Cgttg bgrefrg gst ik cnesqugecg bg tgebkecgs

cnenlfqugs bg aneb. Lkfs giig tfget kussf, pkrkbnxkiglget, kux mrkebs c`nfx nprs

ge tgrlgs bg pniftfqugs bklekmglget bu tgrrftnfrg bgs keegs ;674 ;664.

Cnetrkfrglget bg enlhrgux pkys bvginpps, ik Arkecg cneekt ge gaagt ueg rpkrtftfne

mnmrkp`fqug bg ikctfvft cnenlfqug sgine ueg inmfqug bkvketkmg anectfneegiig qug

sgctnrfgiig, n Tkrfs gt pius ikrmglget iFig-bg-Arkecg cnecgetrg igs anectfnes sup-

rfgurgs bg cnllkebglget gt bg cnecgptfne : igs sfmgs sncfkux, igs cgetrgs bg X&B, ig

lkrogtfem, vgetugiiglget igs kc`kts, ikttrkctfne bgs ux bfevgstfssglgets bfrgcts

trkemgrs, igs sgrvfcgs anr tg vkigur kjnutg, igs mrkebs pigs puhifcs bg rgc`grc`g gt bg

anrlktfne. Cgttg vniutfne gst ckrkctrfstfqug bgs gaagts bg cnecgetrktfne prnprgs kux

vfiigs lnebgs 0 , quf hecfget bueg kttrkctfvft ifg igur tkfiig crftfqug gt igurfescrfptfne bkes ik lnebfkifsktfne. Giig gst mkiglget ifg ku lnbig cnenlfqug bft

tkyinrfge, quf bfssncfg igs kctfvfts bg cnecgptfne gt bgxcutfne. Cgs bgrefrgs pguvget

trg bcgetrkifsgs pnur hecfgr bu bfa argetfgi bg prfx bg lkfe-buvrg gt bg anecfgr.

0. Weg vfiig lnebg (Agrekeb Hrkubgi, Cfvfifsktfne lktrfgiig, cnenlfg gt ckpftkifslg, ;6=6) nu vfiig minhkig (SksofkSkssge, R`g Minhki cft y : Egw Vnro, Inebne, Rnoyn, ;66;) gst ue cgetrg bkes ik lnebfkifskne quf pnikrfsg sne gevfrneeglget

gt cnecgetrg bgs anecnes suprfgurgs bg cnllkebglget gt bg cnecgpne bu akft bg sk anrtg krkcvft. Igs vfiigs

lnebfkigs cnecgetrget ge ggt bgs anecnes bg cnllkebglget bkes ik lnebfkifskne (sfmgs gt anecnes suprfgurgs

bgetrgprfsgs luitfektfnekigs, festftutfnes pniftfqugs luitfiktrkigs), bgs anectfnes bg anrlktfne, bg rgc`grc`g gt

bfeenvkne, ue lkrc` pnur igs prnbufts feenvkets, bgs fearkstructurgs bg trkespnrt gt bg cnlluefckne bg cikssg

lnebfkig, bgs ux sfmefckas bfeanrlknes, bg lkrc`kebfsgs, bg ckpftkux gt lfmrktnfrgs. Ge 84;8, Tkrfs gst cikssg

trnfsflg tket bkes pkr ik rgvug Anrgfme Tnifcyqug bkes ifebgx bg ik Lnrf Lglnrfki Anuebkne, cg quf fiiustrg ig lkfege

bg sk prlfegecg ku efvgku lnebfki.


23/112

81


Ge cnetrgpkrtfg, igs kutrgs tgrrftnfrgs hecfget bnec, cgst ig lnbig arkekfs fstnrfqug,

cgrtgs ktteu kujnurb`uf, lkfs gecnrg pkrtfgiiglget vkikhig, bg iflpiketktfne bgs anec-

tfnes bgxcutfne : uefts bg prnbuctfne bkes ig cks bg ifebustrfg, lkrc`s gt rsgkux bgbfstrfhutfne pnur ik cnestructfne gt igs kctfvfts bg sgrvfcgs (sgrvfcgs kux cniigctfvfts,

sgrvfcgs ekecfgrs bg prnxflft, cnllgrcg gt bfstrfhutfne bg hfges bg cnesnllktfne) 6,

vnfrg, pkrtfr bgs keegs ;604, festftutfnes puhifqugs.

Tkrkbnxkiglget, igs strktmfgs bklekmglget bu tgrrftnfrg net cnetrfhu ik prgeeft

bueg `ypgrcgetrkifsktfne qugiigs tkfget justglget c`krmgs bg cnetrghkikecgr. Lfsgs

ge uvrg suftg ik prfsg bg cnescfgecg bue bsqufifhrg trnp kccgetu getrg Tkrfs gt ik

prnvfecg, bj rgigv pkr Jgke-Arkenfs Mrkvfgr bkes igs keegs ;624 ;4, cgs strktmfgs

net ge gaagt gecnurkm igs trkesagrts bkctfvfts puhifqugs gt prfvgs, lkfs lnfebrgvkigur kjnutg, vgrs igs tgrrftnfrgs pius prfp`rfqugs, cg quf k pgrlfs bg rpkrtfr igs

gaagts bueg crnfsskecg cnenlfqug snutgeug igesglhig bu tgrrftnfrg ektfneki. Ge cnes-

qugecg bg qunf, lkimr igs gaanrts bgs pniftfqugs puhifqugs, ikmminlrktfne pkrfsfgeeg

rgprsgetg kujnurb`uf pks lnfes bg 22 % bgs ckbrgs, prnagssfnes fetgiigctugiigs gt

c`gas bgetrgprfsg arkekfs ;;.

Weg bnuhig lutktfne bu lnbig `gxkmnekiBgpufs igs keegs ;664, ik pnikrft anectfneegiig, lkrqug bg akhrfqug bu lnbig

cnenlfqug `gxkmneki, k t anrtglget hnuscuig pkr bgux vniutfnes lkjgurgs bg

icnenlfg : ifetgrektfnekifsktfne, bueg pkrt, ig bvginppglget bg icnenlfg bg ik

cneekfsskecg, bkutrg pkrt. Cgs bgux tgebkecgs, sf giigs hkttget ge hrc`g igs sc`lks

bg bvginppglget cnenlfqug `rfts bg ikprs-mugrrg, net mkiglget pnur gaagt bg

rgbefr ge prnanebgur igs rgiktfnes getrg getrgprfsgs gt tgrrftnfrgs.

Fetgrektfnekifsktfne gt tgrtfkrfsktfne

Ifetgrektfnekifsktfne crnfssketg bg icnenlfg k rglfs ge ckusg ig rig bgs getrgprfsgs,

gt ge pkrtfcuifgr bgs pius mrkebgs, ge tket qug pnurvnygusgs ekturgiigs bglpinfs gt

bkctfvfts, vnfrg cnllg mkrketgs bg ik cn`sfne sncfkig ku sgfe bgs tgrrftnfrgs.

6. We cgrtkfe enlhrg bgxcgpnes cg sc`lk hfekfrg gxfstget bgpufs inemtglps, bu akft bg trkbfnes rmfnekigs nubgejgux bg ekturg strktmfqug : Lfc`gife Cigrlnet-Agrrkeb nu igs kssurkecgs gt lutugiigs bkes iNugst pnur ig prglfgr

cks, gt, pnur ig sgcneb, ig bvginppglget bgikrnekuqug Rnuinusg.

;4. Jgke-Arkenfs Mrkvfgr, Tkrfs gt ig bsgrt arkekfs, ;62=.;;. Bneegs 84;4, bgrefrgs stksqugs bfspnefhigs. Snurcg : Fesgg Trglfrg, en ;8=0, Xpkrne mnmrkp`fqug bgsglpinfs , avrfgr 84;4.


24/112

8=IGS ENRGS BG IFESRFRWR Nctnhrg 84;3

Xgpgesgr ik rgiktfne getrg igetrgprfsg gt igs tgrrftnfrgs

Xpkrtftfne bu c`faarg bkaakfrgs bgs getrgprfsgs bu ckc 24 pkr znegs mnmrkp`fqugs,84;;

Snurcg : Grest & Vnuem, Ikctfvft fetgrektfnekig bgs getrgprfsgs bu CKC 24, 84;8.

Ge 84;;, igs getrgprfsgs bu CKC 24 net rkifs 80 % bg igur c`faarg bkaakfrgs ge Arkecg,

cnetrg =8 % ifetgrektfneki. Bg pius, ik crnfsskecg bg igurs vgetgs k t bg 8 % ge

Arkecg, cnlpkrgr kux 81 % bg iKsfg nu kux 0 % bu Lnyge-Nrfget gt bg iKarfqug.

Ik anrtg kccirktfne bgs cnenlfgs lgrmgetgs k flpifqu, cnrriktfvglget ueg

hkfssg entkhig bu cnt bu trkespnrt bg pnebrgux gt ik crnfsskecg bgs gxpnrtktfnes bg

sgrvfcgs bkes ig lfx gxpnrtktgurs, bgs trkesagrts bkctfvft lkssfas ge bfrgctfne bgs

enuvgkux rgikfs bg crnfsskecg. Ik ifhrkifsktfne gt ikccrnfssglget bg ik cnecurrgecg

fetgrektfnekig net akft vniugr inrmkefsktfne lnebfkig bu trkvkfi ge bfrgctfne bue trkes-

agrt pkrtfgi bg cgrtkfes lkfiines bg ik c`keg bg vkigur vgrs bgs pkys lnfebrg cnt bg

lkfe-buvrg.

Cgs trkesanrlktfnes pgrlgttget bg rgeanrcgr ik cnlptftfvft bgs getrgprfsgs. Giigsmerget bgs glpinfs qukifcktfne suprfgurg pnur igs ltfgrs bg cnecgptfne gt ku

efvgku bgs anectfnes bg bcfsfne, gt, bg lkefrg febfrgctg, vfk ik cnesnllktfne, bkes

icnenlfg bnlgstfqug. Cgpgebket, giigs bstkhfifsget mkiglget ig tfssu cnenlfqug

bg cgrtkfes tgrrftnfrgs. Sgine iFesgg, ge gaagt, igs binckifsktfnes snet rgspneskhigs bue

tfgrs bgs bgstructfnes bglpinfs febustrfgis akfhig qukifcktfne, ig enlhrg bg pnstgs

bkes igeckbrglget kyket, qukeb iuf, imrglget cr bkes ik prfnbg rcgetg. Tnur

igs hkssfes bglpinfs trkbftfneegiiglget nrfgets vgrs ig sgctgur sgcnebkfrg, vnfrg, pnur

cgrtkfes bgetrg gux, cnecgetrs sur ue akfhig vgetkfi bkctfvfts (Enrb, Kiskcg, Inrrkfeg

entkllget), cgs trkesanrlktfnes snet rgssgetfgs bg lkefrg pkrtfcuifrglget arkppketg.

Gurnpg `nrsArkecg

Ksfg gtNckefg

KlrfqugsKarfqug gtLnyge-Nrfget

CK tntkiXgstg bulnebg

Arkecg

Qkrfktfne84;4-84;; 0 % 2 % 81 % 7 % 8 % ;7 % 1 %

24;44

;14

844

304

204 ;.314

304

604

Arkecg

Fetgrektfneki


25/112


26/112


27/112

34


quglget pkr bgs mrkebs prnmrkllgs puhifcs bg rgc`grc`g, cnllg cg aut ig cks burket

igs Rrgetg Minrfgusgs n inhjgctfa tkft bg rkttrkpgr ig rgtkrb gurnpge sur igs tkts-Wefs.

Tkrkiiiglget, cnllg igesglhig bgs pkys bGurnpg, ik Arkecg bgvrk bg pius ge piussnrfgetg vgrs bgs pniftfqugs bg rgikecg pkr inaarg, pkrcg qugiig pnurrk bg lnfes ge

lnfes cnlptgr sur bgs pniftfqugs bg rgikecg pkr ik bglkebg (sgine bgs kpprnc`gs bg

typg ogyesfge) bu akft bu lkequg bg lkrmgs bg lkeuvrg hubmtkfrgs gt bu efvgku

bnuvgrturg bg icnenlfg, ig snutfge ik cnesnllktfne getrkeket ge pkrtfg ueg

`kussg bgs flpnrtktfnes quf egst pks anrclget akvnrkhig kux getrgprfsgs ektfnekigs.

Nr igs pniftfqugs puhifqugs bg rgikecg pkr inaarg ;8 snet pius gackcgs inrsqugiigs snet

lgegs ku efvgku bgs tgrrftnfrgs, ckr bkes ueg cnenlfg nuvgrtg, bvginppg gt tfrg

pkr ifeenvktfne, igs btgrlfekets bg ik russftg nu bg ic`gc snet kvket tnut inckux.Igs pniftfqugs puhifqugs bg snutfge icnenlfg bnfvget bnec prgebrg pnur cfhig, piutt

qug ig systlg prnbuctfa bkes sne gesglhig, bgs mrnupgs bgetrgprfsgs spcfqugs,

sgine bgs inmfqugs ik anfs mnmrkp`fqugs gt sgctnrfgiigs. Cnllg ig rkppgiig ig rkppnrt

bg Jgke-Jkco [ugyrkeeg, Jgke-T`fifppg Bglki gt T`fifppg Jurmgesge sur ik ranrlg bgs

fetgrvgetfnes cnenlfqugs ge akvgur bgs getrgprfsgs;3, igs snutfges kux byeklfqugs

cniikhnrktfvgs prsgetget ue rktfn hecgs / cnts suprfgur bgs anrlgs lnfes cfhigs

bg lckefslgs, cnllg igs kfbgs bfrgctgs gt febfvfbugiigs. Ic`giig pgrtfegetg gst kinrs

tgrrftnrfkig : cgiig bgs ciustgrs , bgs cnsystlgs nu bgs mrkppgs bgetrgprfsgs .

Ik pgranrlkecg bg tgis gesglhigs rsuitg ge gaagt bfetgrkctfnes bfacfiglget pfintkhigs

bge `kut, gt bcnsystlgs cnlpigxgs bg ciustgrs, anrtglget inckifss, rgmrnupket bgs

kctgurs kussf bfvgrs qug bgs mrkebgs getrgprfsgs gxpnrtktrfcgs, bgs TLG feenvketgs,

bgs kctgurs bu ekecglget, bgs festftutfnes bg rgc`grc`g gt bgs cgetrgs bg anrlktfne.

Cgt gaagt bg inckifsktfne gst kssncf ueg fetgesfcktfne bg ik cnecurrgecg sur ig pike

fetgrektfneki : kfesf ik prnbuctfne bgs rfc`gssgs k tgebkecg sg cnecgetrgr bkes

qugiqugs sftgs pkrlf igs pius feenvkets gt igs pius kttrkctfas ku lnebg, cnllg ik Sfifcne

Qkiigy, quf rgpnsget sur bgs cnecgetrktfnes bgetrgprfsgs getrgtgeket bgs rgiktfnes`nrfznetkigs, sur ig lnbig bgs ciustgrs.

;8. Igs strktmfgs bg rgikecg pkr i nrg snet cgiigs quf vfsget rgikecgr ik c rnfsskecg pkr ue rgeanrcglget bg ik cnlpvftbgs prnbufts, ge pkrtfcuifgr igxpnrtktfne (vfk ikccrnfssglget bg ik cnlptftfvft cnt nu `nrs cnt). Igs pniftfqugs

vfsket rgeanrcgr ifeenvktfne gt ik qukift cnestftuget bgs gxglpigs typfqugs bg pniftfqugs bg inaarg. Tkr nppnsftfne,

igs pniftfqugs bg ik bglkebg c`grc`get rgikecgr ik crnfsskecg pkr ue surcrnt bg pnuvnfr bkc`kt bgs cnesnllktgurs

vfk bgs trkesagrts sncfkux, bgs `kussgs bg skikfrg nu bgs hkfssgs bflpts.

;3. Tnur bgs kfbgs sflpigs gt gackcgs ku sgrvfcg bg ik cnlptftfvft, Xkppnrt ku lfefstrg bu Xgbrgssglget prnbuca,FMA, jufe 84;3


28/112

3;IGS ENRGS BG IFESRFRWR Nctnhrg 84;3


RGXXFRNFXG, CIWSRGX, CNSVSRLG : [WGI[WGS BAFEFRFNES

Ciustgr

Tnur rkppgi, sgine ik beftfne bg Lfc`kgi Tnrtgr (IKvketkmg cnecurrgetfgi bgs

ektfnes, ;660), ue ciustgrcnrrgspneb ueg cnecgetrktfne mnmrkp`fqug bgetrg-

prfsgs ifgs getrg giigs, bg anurefssgurs spcfkifss, bg prgstktkfrgs bg sgrvfcgs,

bg afrlgs bfebustrfgs cneegxgs gt bfestftutfnes kssncfgs (uefvgrsfts, kmgecgs

bg enrlkifsktfne nu nrmkefsktfnes prnagssfneegiigs, pkr gxglpig) bkes ue bnlkfeg

pkrtfcuifgr, quf skaarnetget gt cnnprget .

Igs ciustgrs rkssglhiget bnec, sur ueg llg zneg mnmrkp`fqug gt bkes ueg

hrkec`g bkctfvft spcfqug, ueg lkssg crftfqug bg rgssnurcgs gt bg cnlptgecgs

prncurket cgttg zneg ueg pnsftfne ci gt ue kvketkmg cnlpkrktfa bkes ik cnl-

ptftfne cnenlfqug lnebfkig. Ge t`nrfg, igs ciustgrs kppnrtget kux getrgprfsgs

ue surcrnt bg prnbuctfvft if quktrg akctgurs :

ueg kccgssfhfift rgeanrcg bgs pkrtgekfrgs bkaakfrgs nu bg X&B ku efvgkuincki nu fetgrektfneki ( fetgrciustgrfem) ?

ueg cnetrfhutfne iklifnrktfne bgs cnlptgecgs gt ik qukifcktfne bgsrgssnurcgs `ulkfegs bkes ue tgrrftnfrg gt ikttrkctfne bg lkfe-buvrg`kutglget qukifg ?

ueg vfsfhfift kccrug ifetgrektfneki ?

ik prnxflft kvgc ig lkrc` gt ge pkrtfcuifgr igs gkriy kbnptgrs (prglfgrscnesnllktgurs kbnptgr ue prnbuft, kyket snuvget ue rig flpnrtket bgprgscrfptgurs kuprs bgs kutrgs cifgets pntgetfgis).

cnsystlgsCgttg beftfne pgut trg cnlpitg pkr ikpprnc`g bg Cnnog lgttket ikccget sur

icnsystlg geckbrket ig ciustgr cnlprfs cnllg ik cnecgetrktfne mnmrkp`fqug

bkctgurs tgc`eninmfqugs uefs pkr bgs c`kegs bg vkigur cnenlfqug, vniuket bkes

ue gevfrneeglget hecfket bfearkstructurgs bg snutfge, pkrtkmgket ueg strktmfg

cnllueg gt vfsket kttkqugr ue llg lkrc` . Fi gst febfspgeskhig, lkimr igs

cneentktfnes arqugllget kssncfgs cg lnt, bg eg pks cneanebrg igs gejgux

bg ik cnestftutfne bcnsystlgs gt cgux bg ik X&B nu bg ifeenvktfne, quf ge snet

iue bgs ilgets, lkfs pks ig sgui. Ke qug ig igctgur sg rkppgiig cgt tg bfstfectfne,

enus usgrnes bu tgrlg cnsystlgs bkaakfrgs bkes ig prsget rkppnrt.


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38


Rgrrftnfrgs

Bgs entfnes tgiigs qug ciustgrs nu cnsystlgs rgevnfget bnec kvket tnut ue btgrlfeket mnmrkp`fqug cnecrgt gt kfslget fbgetfafkhig, ig tgrrftnfrg .

Bg lkefrg prkmlktfqug, enus befssnes cg cnecgpt cnllg ueg ueft bkctfne

pgrtfegetg ge lktfrg cnenlfqug, qune sg pikcg bu pnfet bg vug bgs kctgurs

puhifcs nu bgs getrgprfsgs. Fi cnrrgspneb snuvget, lkfs pks tnujnurs, ueg ueft

festftutfneegiig (rmfne, ltrnpnig, kmminlrktfne, cnlluekut bg cnlluegs,

bpkrtglget).

Snurcgs : Cnnog T., @ummfes X. (8443), @fm`-tgc`eninmy ciustgrfem fe Cklhrfbmg (WO) feK. Klfe, S. Mnmifn keb A. Sanrzf (gbs.), R`g festftutfnes na incki bgvginplget? Lfc`kgi G. Tnrtgr,R`g Cnlpgtftfvg Kbvketkmg na Ektfnes, ;664.

BCGERXKIFSKRFNE, RGXXFRNXFKIFSKRFNE :BGWP RGEBKECGS INWXBGS, LKFS BGS XANXLGS

FLTKXAKFRGS

Ik bcgetrkifsktfne : tgebkecg bg neb gt fecgrtftubgs

Sf igs tgebkecgs cnenlfqugs snus-jkcgetgs qug enus vgenes bg bcrfrg flpifquget bg

rgpgesgr ik rgiktfne getrg getrgprfsgs gt tgrrftnfrgs, fi ge vk bg llg bgs vniutfnes qug

cneekt ig lnbig pniftfqug gt kblfefstrktfa arkekfs. Ig rgeanrcglget bgs tgrrftnfrgs bkes

ik prfsg bg bcfsfne puhifqug rgprsgetg cgt mkrb ueg vrftkhig rvniutfne, klnrcg

bs ;608.

Igs rmfnes snet bgs kctgurs flpnrtkets bg ik cnlptftfvft `gxkmnekig. Igs bfaargetgs

cniigctfvfts inckigs rgprsgetget kujnurb`uf =4 % bg ifevgstfssglget puhifc (snft 8 %

bu TFH), kvgc bgs bpgesgs ge crnfsskecg ;2. Bgpufs ik inf bu ;3 knt 8442, cgst ik

rmfne bg cnnrbneegr sur sne tgrrftnfrg igs kctfnes bg bvginppglget cnenlfqug bgs

;2. Cgpgebket, igs rmfnes eg rgprsgetget qug ;; % bgs bpgesgs bgs cniigcvfts inckigs (cnetrg 80 % pnur igsbpkrtglgets gt 1;% pnur igs cnlluegs gt igs fetgrcnlluekifts) gt 6% bgs rgcggs ifgs ik sckift inckig. Igur lkrmg

bg lkeuvrg gst bnec iflftg.


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cniigctfvfts tgrrftnrfkigs , y cnlprfs igs rmflgs bkfbgs kux getrgprfsgs. Igs rmfnes

bfspnsget mkiglget bg prrnmktfvgs flpnrtketgs ge tgrlgs bklekmglget bu tgrrf-

tnfrg : ig bvginppglget burkhig, ik inckifsktfne bgs mrkebs qufpglgets, igs rsgkux bgtrkespnrts agrrnvfkfrgs gt rnutfgrs snet bg sne rgssnrt. Ik inf cnearg kux rmfnes ue rig

bg prglfgr pike bkes ik beftfne gt ik lfsg ge uvrg bg ik pniftfqug rmfnekig ge cg quf

cnecgreg ik anrlktfne prnagssfneegiig. Cgt kspgct, quf akft bg ik rmfne ig rgspneskhig ge

bgrefrg festkecg bg ikbquktfne getrg ik bglkebg gt inaarg bkes igs hkssfes bglpinfs,

flpnrtg pkrtfcuifrglget kux getrgprfsgs.

Itkt gt igs rmfnes net bvginpp, ge pkrkiiig, bgs nutfis ge akvgur bg ik cnlptftfvft

bgstfektfne bgs getrgprfsgs (X&B, fecuhktgurs, crktfne bgetrgprfsgs feenvketgs, eke-

cglget bgs bfaargetgs p`ksgs bg bvginppglget, kccs kux cnlptgecgs,). Sf cgsc`klps bfetgrvgetfne pguvget trg pgrtfegets, igs bfspnsftfas kssncfs net gu tgebkecg

skjnutgr igs ues kux kutrgs. Igur trs mrkeb enlhrg, igur akfhig cnnrbfektfne gt ik luitf-

pifcktfne bgs efvgkux bfetgrvgetfne tkt gt bfaargetgs strktgs tgrrftnrfkigs snet ik

ckusg bg rgbnebkecgs nu bue lkequg bg cn`rgecg bgs nhjgctfas gt bgs kctfnes.

Ik qugstfne bg ik cn`rgecg bgs strktmfgs ektfnekigs gt tgrrftnrfkigs kfesf qug bgs

bfaargets efvgkux bg cniigctfvfts inckigs gst ge gaagt ue gejgu pkrtfcuifrglget flpnrtket.

Igs pnuvnfrs puhifcs ge snet cnescfgets, c`grc`ket bkfiigurs y rpnebrg bkes ig ckbrg

bg ik enuvgiig tkpg bg ik bcgetrkifsktfne (Kctg FFF), pkr ig bvginppglget bg ik entfne

bg c`ga bg ig ;7 . Cgpgebket, ig bgssfe bg ik auturg mnuvgrekecg tgrrftnrfkig gst

kujnurb`uf lkrqu pkr bg rgiigs fecgrtftubgs, ge pkrtfcuifgr ku efvgku bg ikrtfcuiktfne

getrg rmfnes gt ltrnpnigs, bu akft bu rgeanrcglget bgs prrnmktfvgs bg cgs bgrefrgs

ge tgrlgs bg snutfge kux getrgprfsgs gt ifeenvktfne. Tkr kfiigurs, sfi k hgkucnup t

qugstfne jusqufcf bg ik rpkrtftfne bgs cnlptgecgs, igs qugstfnes spcfquglget

cnenlfqugs gt bg cnlptftfvft bgs tgrrftnfrgs net trnuv rgiktfvglget pgu bg pikcg

bkes ig bhkt puhifc, kinrs qugiigs snet kujnurb`uf pius crucfkigs qug jklkfs.

;7 . Ig cnecgpt, fetrnbuft pkr iKctg FF bg ik bcgetrkifsktfne ge 8442, rpneb iflpnssfhfift, pnur bgs rkfsnescnestftutfneegiigs, bg pikcgr ikctfne bueg cniigctfvft snus ik tutgiig bueg kutrg, y cnlprfs bg efvgku tgrrftnrfki

suprfgur. Kfesf, ik rmfne egst pks, ge Arkecg, ig bneegur bnrbrgs bgs bpkrtglgets gt cnlluegs qugiig rgmrnupg.

Ig c`ga bg ig bsfmeg bnec ueg cniigcvft tgrrftnrfkig cnllg rgspneskhig bg ik cnnrbfekne gt bg ik lfsg ge uvrg

bueg pnifqug. Fi eg bnft bnec pks sg cnlprgebrg cnllg ueg vrftkhig bimkne bg cnlptgecgs.


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32


IKCRG FFF BG IK BCGERXKIFSKRFNE

Ig prnjgt bkpprnanebfssglget bg ik bcgetrkifsktfne akft inhjgt bue gxklge ku

Tkriglget getrg kvrfi gt e 84;3. Igs kxgs lkjgurs ge snet :

Xgeanrcglget bu cnecgpt bg c`ga bg ig , pnur kssurgr ueg lgfiigurg

cnnrbfektfne bg ikctfne tgrrftnrfkig.

Lfsg ge pikcg bg sc`lks bnrmkefsktfne bgs cnlptgecgs pnur c`kqug

tgrrftnfrg.

Crktfne bueg festkecg bg cnecgrtktfne getrg itkt gt igs ius, ig @kut

Cnesgfi bgs tgrrftnfrgs.

Rrnfs tgxtgs snet prvus.

- Ig prnjgt bg inf bg lnbgrefsktfne bg ikctfne puhifqug tgrrftnrfkig gt bkarlk-tfne bgs ltrnpnigs vfsg ik cneciusfne, bkes c`kqug rmfne, bueg cnevge-tfne tgrrftnrfkig bgxgrcfcg cnecgrt bueg cnlptgecg . Sne nhjgctfa gst,ku sgfe bueg cneargecg tgrrftnrfkig bg ikctfne puhifqug prsfbg pkr igprsfbget bg rmfne, bg rgebrg cn`rgetgs igs cnlptgecgs snus imfbg

bue c`ga bg afig cikfrglget bafef pkrlf igs cniigctfvfts. Cg bgrefgr, cgpge-bket, eg bfspnsgrk pks pnur kutket bg prrnmktfvgs cnetrkfmeketgs sur igskutrgs cniigctfvfts, lkfs kurk ue rig bg cnnrbfektfne gt bg lfsg ge uvrg.Ge rgvkec`g, ig prnjgt bg inf prsget iKssglhig prvnft ueg iflftktfnebgs afekecglgets crnfss ge cks bkhsgecg bg lfsg ge uvrg bue tgibfspnsftfa. Ig tgxtg prvnft kussf ue stktut bg ltrnpnig, ge c`krmg bu bvg-inppglget cnenlfqug, bg ifeenvktfne, bg ik trkesftfne egrmtfqug gt bgik pniftfqug bg ik vfiig, gt llg bg befr sne prnprg sc`lk bg bvginp-pglget cnenlfqug. Fi getrfeg ig stktut pkrtfcuifgr bgs trnfs ltrnpnigs qug

snet Tkrfs, Iyne gt Lkrsgfiig.

- Ig prnjgt bg inf bg lnhfifsktfne bgs rmfnes pnur ik crnfsskecg gt iglpinfgt bg prnlntfne bg imkift bgs tgrrftnfrgs akft bg ik rmfne ig c`ga bg afigge tgrlgs bg bvginppglget cnenlfqug gt bkfbg kux getrgprfsgs. Fi tgeb


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5 Ig systlg arkekfs bgs pigs bg cnlptftfvft k t bg pius htf sur ig lnbigbgs `fm` gbucktfne ciustgrs , ku sgfe bgsqugis ifeenvktfne gt ig succs bgsgetrgprfsgs snet piutt anebs sur igs bcnuvgrtgs scfgetfqugs gt tgcèninmfqugs( tgcèn pus` , ca. ig succs bg ik lfcrnigctrnefqug Mrgenhig), pkr nppnsftfne kux trkbg ciustgrs , ku sgfe bgsqugis igs strktmfgs bfeenvktfne skppufget mkiglgetsur ueg cnlpr`gesfne bgs hgsnfes enuvgkux bu lkrc` gt bgs uskmgs ( lkrogtpuii ).

Cgs ckrkctrfstfqugs net akft qug, bkes ig cks bgs pigs bg cnlptftfvft cnllg bg

enlhrgux bfspnsftfas tgrrftnrfkifss, ue anrt kccget k t lfs sur ik X&B gt ge pkrtfcuifgr

ik X&B cniikhnrktfvg puhifc-prfv. Ge sg cnecgetrket sur igs bflgesfnes klnet piutt

qu kvki ;=, cgpgebket, ig bfspnsftfa sglhig, bueg cgrtkfeg lkefrg, fevgrsgr igs esgt igs lnyges. Ge gaagt, pnur iglpnrtgr sur ue lkrc` cfhig gt mergr bgs hecgs,

sguig cnebftfne pnur prgeefsgr ikctfvft cnenlfqug, ifeenvktfne cnestftug ue igvfgr

flpnrtket, lkfs fi eg skmft qug bue igvfgr. Fi egst pks ig sgui gt surtnut fi egst pks

suasket pnur kssurgr ik russftg. Fi ge rsuitg ue flpkct rgi, lkfs lnbr ge tgrlgs

bg lnetg ge pufsskecg bgs cnsystlgs inckux;0.

;=. Ne bfsemug vninegrs ifeenvkne klnet (ik X&B cgetrg sur ig bvginppglget bg enuvgiigs tgcèninmfgs) gtifeenvkne kvki , quf pgut trg cnestug bilgets tgis qug ig lkrogem, igs gejgux nrmkefskneegis gtigs vniunes

ge tgrlgs buskmgs gt bg husfegss lnbgis. Ig bvginppglget bue enuvgku prnbuft , infe bg sg cketneegr bg ik rgc`grc`g

t`nrfqug gt kppifqug, rgqufgrt snuvget ueg cnlhfekfsne bg igesglhig bg sgs bflgesfnes (ca. ig rkppnrt bg Bgip`feg

Lkecgku gt Tkscki Lnrkeb,Tnur ueg enuvgiig vfsfne bg ifeenvktfne, kvrfi 8446, `p://festut-feenvkne-cnlpgvftg.

gu/sftgs/bgakuit/igs/rkppnrt^lnrkeb^lkecgku^-^pnurûegênuvgiig^vfsfne^bgîfeenvkne^-^gscp^gurnpg^8446^4.

pba. Kfesf, sf ik bpgesg bg X&B arkekfsg gst prnc`g bg ik lnygeeg bgs pkys bvginpps, sguigs 83 % bgs getrgprfsgs

arkekfsgs net rgcnurs ifeenvkne ene tgcèninmfqug, cnetrg 2=% ge Kiiglkmeg).

;0. Sguis 87 % bgs prnjgts snutgeus pkr igs pigs merget ueg feenvkne gt ik prnpnrne bgs hrgvgts fssus bgs prnjgts bgX&B bgs pigs gst lnbgstg (; ;,7 % bu tntki bgs hrgvgts bpnss ge Arkecg pnur 2,7 % bgs bpgesgs minhkigs bg X&B).

Igs pigs snet rgspneskhigs pnur 7 % sguiglget bg ik crkne bgetrgprfsgs feenvketgs ge Arkecg (snurcg : bgrefgr rkppnrt

bvkiukne bgs pigs bg cnlpvft, Gtubg pnrtket sur ivkiuktfne bgs pigs bg cnlptftfvft, jufe 84;8, `p://cnlpgtftfvftg.mnuv.ar/bnculgets/cnllue/Tniftfqug^bgs^pnigs/8glg^p`ksg^8446-84;;/gvkiuktfne/rkppnrt-

gvkiukne-84;8-%84cnlpigt.pba). Igs bgrefrgs nrfgetknes keenecgs pkr ig lfefstrg bg iFebustrfg, quf vfsg akfrg bgs

pigs ueg usfeg prnbufts , vnet bkes ig hne sges, bkes ik lgsurg n giigs lgget bkvketkmg ikccget sur igs tkpgs

bfebustrfkifskne gt bg lfsg sur ig lkrc`. Fi ege rgstg pks lnfes qug igs pigs bg cnlpvft nprget sgine ueg inmfqug

tgcèn pus` (qugiigs tgcèninmfgs bvginppgr >), piutt qug lkrogt puii (qugis lkrc`s kbrgssgr >).
http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/var/storage/rapports-publics/094000205/0000.pdfhttp://institut-innovation-competitivite.eu/sites/default/files/rapport_morand_manceau_-_pour_une_nouvelle_vision_de_linnovation_-_escp_europe_2009_0.pdfhttp://institut-innovation-competitivite.eu/sites/default/files/rapport_morand_manceau_-_pour_une_nouvelle_vision_de_linnovation_-_escp_europe_2009_0.pdfhttp://institut-innovation-competitivite.eu/sites/default/files/rapport_morand_manceau_-_pour_une_nouvelle_vision_de_linnovation_-_escp_europe_2009_0.pdfhttp://competitivite.gouv.fr/documents/commun/Politique_des_poles/2eme_phase_2009-2011/evaluation/rapport-evaluation-2012-%20complet.pdfhttp://competitivite.gouv.fr/documents/commun/Politique_des_poles/2eme_phase_2009-2011/evaluation/rapport-evaluation-2012-%20complet.pdfhttp://competitivite.gouv.fr/documents/commun/Politique_des_poles/2eme_phase_2009-2011/evaluation/rapport-evaluation-2012-%20complet.pdfhttp://competitivite.gouv.fr/documents/commun/Politique_des_poles/2eme_phase_2009-2011/evaluation/rapport-evaluation-2012-%20complet.pdfhttp://competitivite.gouv.fr/documents/commun/Politique_des_poles/2eme_phase_2009-2011/evaluation/rapport-evaluation-2012-%20complet.pdfhttp://competitivite.gouv.fr/documents/commun/Politique_des_poles/2eme_phase_2009-2011/evaluation/rapport-evaluation-2012-%20complet.pdfhttp://institut-innovation-competitivite.eu/sites/default/files/rapport_morand_manceau_-_pour_une_nouvelle_vision_de_linnovation_-_escp_europe_2009_0.pdfhttp://institut-innovation-competitivite.eu/sites/default/files/rapport_morand_manceau_-_pour_une_nouvelle_vision_de_linnovation_-_escp_europe_2009_0.pdfhttp://institut-innovation-competitivite.eu/sites/default/files/rapport_morand_manceau_-_pour_une_nouvelle_vision_de_linnovation_-_escp_europe_2009_0.pdfhttp://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/var/storage/rapports-publics/094000205/0000.pdf


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BGS CNSVSRLGS FESWAAFSKLLGER BQGINTTS

Ku efvgku rmfneki, bgs bsqufifhrgs pktgets

Lkimr ik prfsg bg cnescfgecg rgiig bg iflpnrtkecg bu tgrrftnfrg incki bkes ik cnlptf-

tfvft, igs bfspnsftfas lfs ge uvrg rgstget, cnllg ne ik vu, rgiktfvglget pgu nrfgets

vgrs ig bvginppglget bg vrftkhigs cnsystlgs bkaakfrgs. Tnurtket, fi skmft i bue

gejgu gssgetfgi. Ik Arkecg rgstg kujnurbùf lkrqug pkr bgs ckrts bg bvginppglget

sfmefafcktfas getrg qugiqugs cgetrgs cnenlfqugs lnebfkux gt ig rgstg bu pkys. Cg

ba fcft bg bvginppglget egxpifqug pks iuf sgui ig bcrnc`kmg qug cneekt icn-

enlfg `gxkmnekig, lkfs fi ge gst iueg bgs ckusgs.

Ik cnlpkrkfsne getrg rmfnes gurnpgeegs fiiustrg bg lkefrg cikfrg cgs bsqufifhrgs,

ku rgmkrb, entkhiglget, bg ik structurktfne bu sgctgur prnbuctfa kiiglkeb. Igesglhig bgs

febfcktgurs cnenlfqugs vnet piutt bkes ig llg sges, gt, cgt mkrb, ueg cnrriktfne

getrg ig enlhrg bg hrgvgts bpnss pkr lfiifne b`khftkets gt ik prnbuctfvft kppkrgetg

bu trkvkfi gst pkrtfcuifrglget rviktrfcg bu efvgku bg pgranrlkecg cnlpkrg bgs

tgrrftnfrgs gurnpges, bkvketkmg, skes bnutg, qug ig efvgku hrut bgs bpgesgs bg X&B.

Hrgvgts pkr lfiifne b`khftkets gt prnbuctfvft bu trkvkfi pkr mrkebgs rmfnes,Arkecg, Kiiglkmeg, Mrkebg-Hrgtkmeg, Ftkifg

Snurcg : Gurnpgke Ciustgr Nhsgrvktnry, 84;3.

Hrgvgts / L `kh.

Inebrgs

;84

;44

04

14

24

Enrb-Gst

Hrlg

Rùrfemg

Gst Kemigtgrrg

@klhnurm

Hgrife

@gssg

Cgetrg-Gst

Hkssg-SkxgHkvfrg

Xèkefg-bu-Enrb-]gstp`kifg

Hkbg-]urtglhgrm

ig-bg-Arkecg

Mrkebg-HrgtkmegFtkifgKiiglkmegArkecg

Trnbuctfvft kppkrgetg bu trkvkfi(L TTT)


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Bue ct, iFig-bg-Arkecg prsgetg bgs pgranrlkecgs suprfgurgs tnutg kutrg rmfne

gurnpgeeg ge tgrlgs bg prnbuctfvft kppkrgetg bu trkvkfi gt bg hrgvgts pkr lfiifne

b`khftkets. Ge rgvkec`g, tnutgs igs rmfnes sufvketgs bkes ig cikssglget snet kiig-lkebgs : Hkbg-]urtglhgrm, Hkvfrg, X`ekefg, Hkssg-Skxg. Inebrgs rgprsgetg, bu akft

bg ik Cfty, ueg gxcgptfne ik cnrriktfne, kvgc ueg prnbuctfvft igvg gt ue efvgku lnyge

ge tgrlgs bg prnbuctfne bg hrgvgts. Igs kutrgs znegs cnenlfqugs arkekfsgs ;6, sf

giigs sg cnlpkrget igurs qufvkigets hrftkeefqugs, snet ekelnfes ik trkeg sgine cgs

febfcktgurs.

Fi gxfstg, ge Arkecg, bgs ciustgrs bg efvgku gurnpge, vnfrg lnebfki, `nrs bg ik ckpftkig.

Cgpgebket, cgttg kekiysg lnetrg qukucueg kutrg rmfne eg pkrvfget ueg tkfiig crftfqug

iuf pgrlgttket bg sg pnsftfneegr cnllg igkbgr ku efvgku gurnpge. Ik lgfiigurg bfstrf-hutfne bg ikppkrgfi prnbuctfa kiiglkeb cnetrfhug prnhkhiglget, bg cg akft, ue surcrnt

bg pgranrlkecg cnenlfqug. Igejgu, fcf, egst pks anrclget ueg lgfiigurg rpkrtftfne

bgs kctfvfts gxfstketgs, ikqugiig igs bfaargetgs pniftfqugs bklekmglget bu tgrrftnfrg

sg snet gsskygs, skes rsuitkt rgiiglget prnhket. I`ypgr-cnecgetrktfne arkecfifgeeg

prsgetg bg anrts hecgs pnur icnenlfg `gxkmnekig, bkes ik lgsurg n giig

pikcg cgiig-cf bkes ig jgu bg ik cnecurrgecg fetgrektfnekig, gt qugiig cnestftug ue akctgur

bkttrkctfvft lkssfa pnur igs fevgstfssglgets trkemgrs gt igs cikssgs crktfvgs 84 ge

rgmrnupket ue mrkeb enlhrg bg sgctgurs anrtg vkigur kjnutg bkes ue llg prfltrg

mnmrkp`fqug. Ge rgvkec`g, ikhsgecg bkutrgs cgetrgs cnenlfqugs rgiiglget lne-

bfkux cnetrfhug ku lkequg bg cnlptftfvft bu pkys.

Ik Arkecg lkequg bcnsystlgs prsgetket ueg tkfiig gt ue efvgkubg spcfkifsktfne flpnrtkets

Sf ine cnlpkrg prsget ene pks igs rmfnes lkfs igs ciustgrs gux-llgs, snft ig

crnfsglget getrg ue sgctgur gt ue tgrrftnfrg, ne nhsgrvg qug ik Arkecg gst mkiglgetcnearnetg ueg prnhilktfqug bg tkfiig crftfqug gt bg efvgku bg spcfkifsktfne. Cgttg

ckrkctrfstfqug bnft trg rkppnrtg ik spcfkifsktfne anectfneegiig bu lnbig `gxkmneki

qug enus kvnes bcrft pius `kut : cnecgetrktfne bgs anectfnes bg cnllkebglget ku

cgetrg gt bgs anectfnes bgxcutfne ik prfp`rfg.

;6. Tnur bgs rkfsnes bg cnlpkrkhfift, ge cg quf cnecgreg ik Arkecg, iFtkifg gt ik Mrkebg-Hrgtkmeg, iGurnpgke CiustgrNhsgrvktnry(GCN) pgrlgt bg rgmrnupgr igs rmfnes kblfefstrkvgs ge gesglhigs bg pius mrkebg tkfiig, pius kbkpts ik

rkift cnenlfqug. Kfesf, pnur ik Arkecg, iGCN bcnupg ig tgrrftnfrg bg ik lkefrg sufvketg :ig-bg-Arkecg, Hkssfe pkrfsfge,

Cgetrg-Gst, Gst, Lbftgrrkeg, Nugst, Sub-Nugst.

84. X. Ainrfbk, R`g Xfsg na t`g Crgktfvg Cikss. Keb @nw Fts Rrkesanrlfem ]nro, Igfsurg keb Gvgrybky Ifag, Hksfc Hnnos,8448.


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5 Ik ckpkcft bgs kctgurs sg ctnygr gt sg rgecnetrgr rmuifrglget.

5 Ik lfsg ge pikcg bueg nrmkefsktfne gt bg pniftfqugs akcfiftket igs c`kemgs getrg

igs kctgurs : structurktfne bg rsgku bkaakfrgs, ifgux gt nutfis bbfs kux rgecnetrgs.

5 We prnjgt pniftfqug gt cnenlfqug cnllue.

Cgs cnsystlgs tgrrftnrfkux rgciget, bu pnfet bg vug bg ik cnlptftfvft, bgs

pntgetfgis fegxpinfts.

Igs heacgs kssncfs ku bvginppglget bcnsystlgs inckuxpgrnrlkets : igs huts bg mugrrg cniigctfs

Sf ig tgrrftnfrg rgeb pnssfhig ueg anrlg bg cnevgrmgecg, vnfrg bg snifbkrft, getrg igs

fetrts bgs bfaargets kctgurs flpifqus (ius, getrgprfsgs, cftnyges, c`grc`gurs), gecnrg

akut-fi ue nhjgctfa cnllue. Ik cnequtg bg lkrc`s enuvgkux pgut skarlgr cnllg

cg hut bg mugrrg cniigctfa , ckr giig rpneb ue hgsnfe pkrtkm bg crktfne bg vkigur,

bg c`faarg bkaakfrgs gt bglpinfs bkes ue tgrrftnfrg.

Ikppkrtgekecg cnllueg ue tgrrftnfrg anebg kfesf ik pnssfhfift bue prnjgt cnenlfqug

cniigctfa quf abrg bgs fetrts, bfvgrmgets pkr ekturg, kutnur bg igejgu qugst ik cnl-

ptftfvft bu tgrrftnfrg gt bgs getrgprfsgs. Ik pufsskecg bgs fetrts pkrtfcuifgrs kfesf

trkesanrls ge huts bg mugrrg cniigctfas gst ik mkrketfg bg igackcft bg cgttg nrmk-

efsktfne cniikhnrktfvg inckig ku prnt bg ik cnlptftfvft.

Ku-bgi, ig tgrrftnfrg gst mkiglget pkr iuf-llg ueg rgssnurcg pnur bvginppgr cg

prnjgt cnenlfqug bg cnequtg bgs lkrc`s.

Rnut bkhnrb, ig tgrrftnfrg pgut cnestftugr ue prglfgr lkrc`-tgst ku prnt bgs getrg-prfsgs. Igs cnsystlgs igs pius pgranrlkets snet ge gaagt cgux quf cnlptget bgs

gkriy kbnptgrs , jnuket ue rig bg tgstgurs bgs feenvktfnes, bg prglfrg rargecg,

vnfrg llg bg prgscrfptgurs. Sf cgt gejgu bg prglfgr lkrc` incki gst cikfr ge cg

quf cnecgreg igs lkrc`s husfegss tn husfegss (h8h) nu ik cnllkebg puhifqug, fi gst

mkiglget pgrtfeget ge cg quf cnecgreg igs sgctgurs bu husfegss tn cnesulgr(h8c) : ik

bfaausfne bfeanrlktfne gt ig aggbhkco bu lkrc` kccirget ge gaagt ifeenvktfne gt

ik qukift, cnllg ne pgut ig vnfr bkes ig lkrc` bgs inmfcfgis gt bgs kppifcktfnes. Igs

kvketkmgs ifs cgttg anectfne snet luitfpigs : stfluiktfne bg ifeenvktfne prfvg gt

lgfiigurg cnlpr`gesfne bg ik bglkebg, pr-lkrogtfem gt tgst bgs prnbufts, vftrfeginckig bue skvnfr-akfrg pnur akcfiftgr igxpnrt.


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Akfrg lgrmgr bgs cnsystlgs bg crnfsskecg cniikhnrktfas gt pgranrlkets

IK SFIFCNE QKIIGV, WE MFMKERGS[WG IFQFEM IKH

Ik Sfifcne Qkiigy bfspnsg bg enlhrgux ktnuts (uefvgrsfts bgxcgiigecg, kccs

akcfift ku ckpftki-rfsqug, bgesft bgs rsgkux sncfkux) quf gxpifquget sne succs.

Sk vfsfne cnllgrcfkig bg ifeenvktfne, rgpnsket sur ik tgcèninmfg lkfs kussf

sur iketfcfpktfne bgs enuvgkux uskmgs, kfesf qug sk ckpkcft sg cnestftugr ge ue

mfmketgsqug ifvfem ikh pnur tgstgr gt cn-bvginppgr bg enuvgiigs kppifcktfnes ege

snet pks igs lnfebrgs. Ik vnfturg skes cnebuctgur ge gst ue hne gxglpig.

Tkr kfiigurs, ik pufsskecg puhifqug jnug ue rig fecftktfa cnllg prglfgr cifget

bgs sniutfnes bvginppgs pkr igs getrgprfsgs. Igssnr bgsmrgge tgc`s pkrtfr bgskeegs 8444 k kfesf t ge pkrtfg ig akft bg mrkebs prnmrkllgs puhifcs bg eke-

cglget bg tnfturgs snikfrgs, kinrs qug ik Ckifanrefg bg stkft gemkmg rbufrg

sgs lfssfnes bg CN8 bg 87 % `nrfzne 8484. Cgst mkiglget ig cks bu bvg-

inppglget bgsslkrt mrfbs kujnurbùf.

Tkr kfiigurs, ig tgrrftnfrg pgut cnestftugr ge iuf-llg ue ikhgi qukeb fi pgrlgt bkctfvgr ue

ckpftki ge flkmg, quf pgut gesuftg rgjkfiifr sur ig prnbuft nu ig sgrvfcg bg igetrgprfsg. Kux

tgrrftnfrgs snet pkranfs kssncfgs bgs prnbuctfnes inckigs nu ueg rputktfne pkrtfcuifrg,

kutket bktnuts sur igsqugis pguvget skppuygr igs kctgurs cnenlfqugs.Ikmrnkiflge-

tkfrg, ig tnurfslg, ig iuxg tlnfmeget kfesf bg iflpnrtkecg bu tgrrftnfrg cnllg ikhgi bg

qukift, vnfrg cnllg vrftkhig lkrqug.Ig tgrrftnfrg cnestftug mkiglget ue ckpftki sncfki

gt cuiturgi. Ik cuiturg bg ikvgeturg cniigctfvg, bu rfsqug, bg ifeftfktfvg quf pgut gxfstgr

bkes cgrtkfes tgrrftnfrgs gst ci pnur tfrgr ik byeklfqug bfeenvktfne gt bg crnfsskecg.

Cg akctgur gst lfs ge kvket pnur gxpifqugr ig byeklfslg bg Hkrcgineg pkrtfr bgs

keegs ;664 gt, kvket, cgiuf bu hnckmg c`nigtkfs.

Ku-bgi, igs tgrrftnfrgs cnestftuget bgs rsgrvnfrs bg cnlptgecgs, pkranfs bu akft bg

igur `fstnfrg. Mrcg ueg lkrqug anrtg, ue gevfrneeglget kttrkctfa gt bgs pniftfqugs

fecftktfvgs, fis pguvget jnugr ue rig lkjgur pnur kttfrgr bgs tkigets gt bgs cikssgs

crktfvgs , kujnurbùf gssgetfgis bkes ik cnlptftfne cnenlfqug. Ikttgetfne kccnrbg

pkr tgi nu tgi tgrrftnfrg kux pniftfqugs bg anrlktfne gst kussf ue crftrg flpnrtket.

Gee, ik prnxflft mnmrkp`fqug pgut jnugr ue rig bkccirktgur cnenlfqug sf giig

skccnlpkmeg bueg nrmkefsktfne ge rsgku gt bueg cuiturg bg ik cnnprktfne, bgsc`kemgs gt bg ik lutukifsktfne. Ge pkrtfcuifgr, ifeenvktfne gst stfluig pkr igxfstgecg


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bg rsgkux bgesgs bg c`grc`gurs gt bgetrgprgegurs, snuvget fssus bgs llgs ifgux bg

anrlktfne. Bg ik llg akne, ik lnhfift bgs skikrfs (lkekmgrs, c`grc`gurs) bueg rlg

ikutrg akcfiftg ik cfrcuiktfne rkpfbg bgs skvnfr-akfrg gt bgs fbgs. Cgttg lnhfift sgstkvrg trg iueg bgs cis bu hnufiineeglget bg ik Sfifcne Qkiigy (pkr gxglpig bg Pgrnx

Kppig), sgine Keek Igg Skxgefke 83, quf gxpifqug bg cg akft ig bcife bgs sncfts

bfeanrlktfqug bg ik Xnutg ;80 prs bg Hnstne, bnet inrmkefsktfne hgkucnup pius

agrlg, vgrtfckig gt `frkrc`fsg, k iflft cgs c`kemgs.

Rnus cgs ilgets snet kutket bg akctgurs bg cnlptftfvft bnet igs btgrlfekets

snet inckux.

Ge hrga, igs cnsystlgs tgrrftnrfkux prsgetget quktrg srfgs bkvketkmgs sur igsqugisigs getrgprfsgs pguvget skppuygr bkes ik cnursg ik cnlptftfvft :

5 Cg snet bgs c`giigs n pguvget cnevgrmgr igs fetrts bgs getrgprfsgs, bgs ius gtbgs cftnyges pnur iikhnrktfne cniigctfvg bue prnjgt bg cnequtg bg lkrc`.

5 Cg snet bgs rsgrvnfrs bg rgssnurcgs lktrfgiigs gt fllktrfgiigs : hkssfes bgcnesnllktgurs quf pguvget cnestftugr bg prglfgr lkrc`s-tgsts, ckpftki flkmg,ckpftki cuiturgi, hkssfes bg cnlptgecgs gt bg skvnfr-akfrg. Ik prnxflft p`ysfqugkssurg ue lgfiigur kccs cgs rgssnurcgs. Ik cnnrbfektfne ge kssurg ueg mgstfnesnutgekhig inem tgrlg.

5 Cg snet bgs pikcgs bc`kemgs gt bfeenvktfne nuvgrtg. Ik prnxflft mnmrkp`fquggt ik cnekecg qugiig akft ektrg akcfiftget igs c`kemgs gt igs rgecnetrgs, cg qufsfmefg kutket bg enuvgiigs fbgs c`kemgs, bnppnrtuefts bkaakfrgs, bg cnnp-rktfnes pnssfhigs bkes bgs prnjgts feenvkets nu bg lutukifsktfne.

5 Gee, cg snet bgs c`giigs bg prnjgt gt bg bcfsfne pniftfqugs. Ig tgrrftnfrg egstpks sguiglget ue suppnrt pkssfa, cgst kussf ue kctgur quf pgut sg blkrqugr,mrcg bgs bfspnsftfas pkrtfcuifrglget hfge pgess pnur kttfrgr nu anrlgr igs

tkigets, stfluigr ik crktfvft gt ilgrmgecg bg enuvgiigs fbgs, akvnrfsgr igs rge-cnetrgs nu akfrg ektrg gt snutgefr igs feftfktfvgs.

Inuvgrturg ku lnebg, cnebftfne bg succs bueg kpprnc`g tgrrftnrfkig

Hfge getgebu, ikpprnc`g sgine igs cnsystlgs inckux eg pgut rpnebrg tnus igs

gejgux bgs getrgprfsgs gt eg cnestftug pks ueg pkekcg uefvgrsgiig. Cgrtkfegs qugstfnes

bpkssget ikrmglget ig sflpig ckbrg incki. tftrg bfiiustrktfne :

83. Keek Igg Skxgefke, Igs iflftgs bg ikutkrcfg : Sfifcne Qkiigy gt Xnutg ;80 , fe M. Hgeon & Kikfe Ifpfgtz (bfr.), IkXfc`gssg bgs rmfnes : ik enuvgiig mnmrkp`fg sncfn-cnenlfqug, Tkrfs, TWA, 8444.


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5 Bkes ig eucikfrg, ifeenvktfne gst bkhnrb anebg sur ue pkrtgekrfkt `fstnrfqug gtstkhig getrg Krgvk gt ig CGK, skes cnesfbrktfne pkrtfcuifrg bkecrkmg incki.

5 Cgrtkfes sgctgurs, cnllg igs egrmfgs lkrfegs, ecgssftget ueg cnnrbfektfne bgsfeftfktfvgs rmfnekigs gt ueg lfsg ge rsgku bgs cnlptgecgs ic`giig ektfnekig.

5 Bgs gejgux tgis qug ik rmiglgetktfne sg trkftget lfgux ic`giig ektfnekig, kuefvgku bgs ifrgs quf rgmrnupget igesglhig bueg prnagssfne.

5 Gesuftg, fi ey k bnppnsftfne qukppkrgetg getrg incki gt ektfneki nu fetgrektfneki.Ikecrkmg incki bkes ue tgrrftnfrg pkr tfcuifgr eg sfmefg pks geagrlglget. Igs tgr-rftnfrgs bnfvget rgstgr nuvgrts sur ig lnebg pnur trg cnlptftfas, tket pnurskiifgr kvgc bgs pkrtgekfrgs ekecfgrs, cnllgrcfkux nu tgc`eninmfqugs qug pnurakvnrfsgr ik cnequtg bg lkrc`s igxpnrt.

We cnsystlg tgrrftnrfki cnlptftfa gst bnec kussf anrtglget rgif ifetgrektfneki, vfk

bgs pkrtgekrfkts prfvfimfs kvgc bkutrgs ciustgrs, lkfs surtnut pkrcg qufi k pnur ekift

ik cnequtg bg enuvgkux lkrc`s, qufis snfget vnfsfes nu infetkfes.

KCCIXGX IG BQGINTTGLGER BGS CNSVSRLGS BKAAKFXGS

Xgcnllkebktfne ; : rgenrcgr ig rig bg cktkiysgur bgs iusrmfnekux gt inckux gt lgttrg ge uvrg ueg enuvgiig nrlg bgmnuvgrekecg cnenlfqug bgs tgrrftnfrgs

Fi skmft bg prnlnuvnfr ueg enuvgiig vfsfne bcnsystlgs fetmrs bg crnfsskecg, quf

snfget kssfs sur bg rgis prnjgts bg tgrrftnfrg, flpifquket anrtglget igs ius gt igs getrg-

prfsgs, ge akvgur bg ik crktfne bg vkigur gt bglpinfs.

ikhnrgr ue prnjgt bg tgrrftnfrg brktgur nrfget gxpifcftglget vgrs ik cnequtg bgslkrc`s

5 Xgeanrcgr cnesfbrkhiglget ik mnuvgrekecg gt ig pfintkmg bgs cnsystlgsinckux sgine ue vrftkhig prnjgt bg tgrrftnfrg nrfget vgrs ik cnequtg bgs lkrc`s.We tgi prnjgt gst pkr bafeftfne strktmfqug. Sfi vgut trg mkmeket, fi bgvrk sganebgr sur ueg ckrtnmrkp`fg cikfrg bgs ktnuts bu tgrrftnfrg, bg lkefrg ge akfrgbg vrftkhigs akctgurs bg bfaargecfktfne. Fi egxfstg pks bgux tgrrftnfrgs bnts bgs

llgs kctfas lktrfgis gt fllktrfgis, bu akft bg igur `fstnfrg, bg igurs rgssnurcgsp`ysfqugs, lkfs mkiglget bg igur cuiturg, gt tnus igs tgrrftnfrgs enet pks vncktfne


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pufssget cnetrfhugr ku prnjgt : igs mrkebs mrnupgs, pnrtgurs bueg vfsfne fetgrektfn-ekig bgs nppnrtuefts bg bvginppglget, lkfs kussf igs GRF inckigs gt igs TLG qufcnestftuget ig cur bgs cnsystlgs inckux. Kssurgr ueg kpprnprfktfne bgs hutsbg mugrrg pkr igesglhig bgs pkrtgekfrgs gst ueg tkpg flpnrtketg. Weg strktmfgcnrrgctglget befg kurk pnur suftg ueg agufiig bg rnutg n igs rgspneskhfifts bgc`kcue sgrnet cikfrglget befgs (ca. feark).

Igs ius inckux gt rmfnekux, bgs cktkiysgurs pnur ik strktmfg bg igurs tgrrftnfrgs

Tnur cnecgvnfr bg tgis huts bg mugrrg , igs iusbnfvget bpkssgrigur rig trkbftfneegi

bklekmglget gt bg bvginppglget bue ckbrg prnpfcg ik crnfsskecg, pnur bgvgefr

bgs cktkiysgurs pnur ik strktmfg bg cnequtg bgs lkrc`s lgeg pkr igur tgrrftnfrg.

Fi eg skmft pks i bg pkrfgr sur ueg pgrsneekift nu bgs qukifts febfvfbugiigs, lkfs bgskppuygr sur ig igkbgrs`fp fetrfesquglget if igur pnsftfne. Igs ius bfspnsget ge

gaagt bg ik imftflft pgrlgttket bg lnhfifsgr igs kctgurs inckux bkes ue prnjgt cn-

enlfqug pkrtkm, bg ik ckpkcft pnrtgr ueg vfsfne bvginppg ge cnllue gt bg ik

akcuit akfrg lgrmgr bgs prnjgts krtfcuiket igs prfecfpkux kctfas bu tgrrftnfrg, qufis

snfget lktrfgis nu fllktrfgis. Fi skmft bnec bg rkssglhigr, bg akvnrfsgr gt bg bvg-

inppgr bgs rgiktfnes prfv/prfv , i n igs feftfktfvgs gt igs pniftfqugs arkekfsgs bg

snutfge kuxciustgrs sg cnecgetrget trnp snuvget sur igs cniikhnrktfnes puhifc-prfv

ge lktfrg bg X&B, cnllg ig lnetrg igxglpig bgs pigs bg cnlptftfvft.

Ig rig bgs ius, ge ifge kvgc igs sgrvfcgs bgs cniigctfvfts (ca. cf-bgssnus), sgrkft kfesf

bketfcfpgr igs enuvgkux rgikfs bg crnfsskecg bu tgrrftnfrg (lkrc`s), bkccirgr ik rkif-

sktfne bgs prnjgts cnesfbrs cnllg strktmfqugs gt bg lgttrg ge pikcg bgs pniftfqugs

vninetkrfstgs pnur akcfiftgr igxprflgetktfne, bg pgrlgttrg ik lfsg ge pikcg bg lkrc`s-

tgsts, bkttfrgr bgs tkigets, lkfs kussf bfesuagr ueg cuiturg bg igetrgprgegurfkt, bg ik

prfsg bg rfsqug gt bg igxpnrt.

Lgttrg ge pikcg ue nutfi bg mnuvgrekecg tgrrftnrfkig cn`rget gt gackcg

Ik entfne bg c`ga bg ig , befg bkes ig ckbrg bg iKctg FF bg ik bcgetrkifsktfne ge

8442 pnur bcrfrg ik cnlptgecg prpnebrketg bg ik rmfne ge lktfrg bg bvginp-

pglget cnenlfqug, k t cneanrtg pkr ig prnjgt bg inf bg 84;3 sur ik bcgetrkifsktfne.

Ig prnjgt bg inf, tgi qug anrlui ge sgptglhrg 84;3, rtkhift ik cikusg bg cnlptgecg

merkig gt lkfetfget ig prfecfpg bg ene-tutgiig bueg cniigctfvft sur ueg kutrg, ge sk

qukift bg c`ga bg ig, pnur igxgrcfcg bueg cnlptgecg quf ecgssftg ig cnecnurs bg

piusfgurs cniigctfvfts tgrrftnrfkigs. Gee, ig prnjgt cneskcrg ig enuvgku stktut bg l-

trnpnig pnur qugiqugs kmminlrktfnes arkekfsgs, cgiigs-cf pnuvket btgrlfegr igur


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prnprg strktmfg ge lktfrg bg bvginppglget cnenlfqug (bnet ig Sc`lk rmfneki bg

bvginppglget cnenlfqug, bfeenvktfne gt bfetgrektfnekifsktfne bnft tgefr cnlptg) gt

igurs prnprgs rmflgs bkfbgs kux getrgprfsgs.

Trfs spkrlget, cgs bfaargets ilgets rpnebget bgs hgsnfes fbgetfs bg inemug

bktg gt vnet hfge bkes ig sges bueg cnesnifbktfne bg ik mnuvgrekecg tgrrftnrfkig.

Gesglhig, ekelnfes, fis pguvget akfrg crkfebrg ue rgeanrcglget bu lfiigagufiig fes-

tftutfneegi arkekfs gt ue kccrnfssglget bg ik tgebkecg ku lkequg bg cnnrbfektfne getrg

igs vfsfnes gt igs strktmfgs bgs bfaargets efvgkux bg cniigctfvfts ge lktfrg bg bvginp-

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