7
SAVLJLESCL-, N., 1972: StromatiMm fitlv~m Villcrs et Tetrops starki Chcvr. longicorncs nouveaux pour la faune roumainc (Coleoptera, Ceranibycidae). Trav. d. hlus. D. Hi- stoire Nat. ,,Grigore Antipa", 12. 245-251. SCHAEFCR, L., 1953-1 954: Captures de Colfopteres i ColCleopthres Saint-Martin-Vi.subie er Peira-Caw (Alpes Maritimes) et observations diverses. Misc. Entom., 48, 43-51. SCHMAUS, M., 1960: Zweiter Beitrag zGr Coleoptercnfauna des Hunsrucks. Entom. Bl., SL. 20-32. SCHMIDT, G., 1941 : Faunistische Bemerkungen uber einige Cerambyciden und Beschreibung einer neucn Aberration, 3. Entoni. Bl., 37, 187-190. - 1951/52: Beitrag zur Kennrnis der mirkischcn Ceratiibyciden-Fauna. Entom. B1. 47-48, -- 1958 : Untersuchunocn Cber die mitteleuroliiischen Vertreter des Genus Tetrops St<- phens (Col., Cerambycidae). Mitt. d. Deutsch. Entom. Ges., 17, 53-60. - 1959: Erganzende Bernerkungen uber die mitteleuropiischcn Tetrops-Arten ibid. 18, 10-11. STRAND, A,, 1968: Tetrops stdrki Chevr., en art ny for Norden (Col., Cerambycidae) Norsk. Entom. Tidskr.. 15. 47-48. STROJNOWSKI, R., 1963: Nallimiec lilipucik - Tetrops praeusta (L.) szkodnik drzew owo- cowych. Acta Agr. et. Silv., Ser. Agraria 3,75-141. SLIWI~SKI, 2.; LESSAER, M., 1970: hfaterialy do poznania kozek Polski (Coleoptera Ceram- by,cidae) ze szczeg6lnym uwzglednieniem Bieszczad6w Zachodnich. Rocznik Muz. Gornirslaskiego w Bytomiu, Przyroda fi, 77-127. 123-134. WORNDLE, A,, 1950: Die Kafer yon Nordtirol. Schlern-Schriften, 64,287-301. Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt Feeding behaviour of the hump beetle, Gibbium psylloides Czemp. (Col., Ptinidae) By B. M. EL-SAWAF and S. M. EL-SAYES Abstract The feeding of Gibbium psylloides was stimulated by sugars, proteins, vitamins and inorganic salts. Of the proteins tested, casein was the best feeding stimulant. The order of effectiveness of sugars as feeding stimulants was : sucrose/lactose/fructose/glucose. The beetles were sensitive to different concentration of sucrose and casein. The response thres- hold to sucrose was 0.0001 M and that to casein was 0.5 g/lOO ml. The inorganic salts, KCI, NaC1, and KH2POd were inactive alone but acted synergistically with other feeding stimu- lants. The stimulants were more effective when in complex media in agar alone. The feeding response was inversely proportionate to the time. U.S.CopyrightC1earanceCenter Code Statement: 0044-2240/78/8601-0046 8 02.50/0 2. ang. Ent. 86 (1978), 46-52 @ 1978 Verlag Paul Parey, Hamburg und Berlin ISSN 0044-2240 / ASTM-Coden: ZANEAE

Feeding behaviour of the hump beetle, Gibbium psylloides Czemp. (Col., Ptinidae)

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Page 1: Feeding behaviour of the hump beetle, Gibbium psylloides Czemp. (Col., Ptinidae)

SAVLJLESCL-, N., 1972: StromatiMm f i t l v ~ m Villcrs et Te t rops starki Chcvr. longicorncs nouveaux pour la faune roumainc (Coleoptera, Ceranibycidae). Trav. d. hlus. D. Hi- stoire Nat . ,,Grigore Antipa", 12. 245-251.

S C H A E F C R , L., 1953-1 954: Captures de Colfopteres i ColCleopthres Saint-Martin-Vi.subie er Pe i ra -Caw (Alpes Maritimes) et observations diverses. Misc. Entom., 48, 43-51.

SCHMAUS, M., 1960: Zweiter Beitrag zGr Coleoptercnfauna des Hunsrucks. Entom. Bl., SL. 20-32.

SCHMIDT, G., 1941 : Faunistische Bemerkungen uber einige Cerambyciden und Beschreibung einer neucn Aberration, 3. Entoni. Bl., 37, 187-190.

- 1951/52: Beitrag zur Kennrnis der mirkischcn Ceratiibyciden-Fauna. Entom. B1. 47-48,

-- 1958 : Untersuchunocn Cber die mitteleuroliiischen Vertreter des Genus Tetrops St<- phens (Col., Cerambycidae). Mitt. d. Deutsch. Entom. Ges., 17, 53-60.

- 1959: Erganzende Bernerkungen uber die mitteleuropiischcn Tetrops-Arten ibid. 18, 10-11.

STRAND, A,, 1968: Tetrops stdrki Chevr., en a r t n y for Norden (Col., Cerambycidae) Norsk. Entom. Tidskr.. 15. 47-48.

STROJNOWSKI, R., 1963: Nallimiec lilipucik - Tetrops praeus ta (L.) szkodnik drzew owo- cowych. Acta Agr. et. Silv., Ser. Agraria 3,75-141.

SLIWI~SKI , 2.; LESSAER, M., 1970: hfaterialy d o poznania kozek Polski (Coleoptera Ceram- by,cidae) ze szczeg6lnym uwzglednieniem Bieszczad6w Zachodnich. Rocznik Muz. Gornirslaskiego w Bytomiu, Przyroda fi, 77-127.

123-134.

WORNDLE, A,, 1950: Die Kafer yon Nordtirol. Schlern-Schriften, 64,287-301.

Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, A in Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

Feeding behaviour of the hump beetle, Gibbium psylloides Czemp. (Col., Ptinidae)

By B. M. EL-SAWAF and S. M. EL-SAYES

Abstract

The feeding of Gibbium psylloides was stimulated by sugars, proteins, vitamins and inorganic salts. Of the proteins tested, casein was the best feeding stimulant. The order of effectiveness of sugars as feeding stimulants was : sucrose/lactose/fructose/glucose. The beetles were sensitive to different concentration of sucrose and casein. The response thres- hold to sucrose was 0.0001 M and that to casein was 0.5 g/lOO ml. The inorganic salts, KCI, NaC1, and KH2POd were inactive alone but acted synergistically with other feeding stimu- lants. The stimulants were more effective when in complex media in agar alone.

The feeding response was inversely proportionate to the time.

U.S.CopyrightC1earanceCenter Code Statement: 0044-2240/78/8601-0046 8 02.50/0 2. ang. Ent. 86 (1978), 46-52 @ 1978 Verlag Paul Parey, Hamburg und Berlin ISSN 0044-2240 / ASTM-Coden: ZANEAE

Page 2: Feeding behaviour of the hump beetle, Gibbium psylloides Czemp. (Col., Ptinidae)

47

1 Introduction

Although the hump beetle, Gibbium psylloides Czemp., is an economically important pest of stored products, its feeding behaviour did not receive enough attention.

The role of nutritive chemicals on the feeding behaviour of insects has been the subject of study by many authors, THOKSTEINSON (1960); MALLIS ct al. (1962); LOSCHIAVO (1965); HSIAO and FKAENKEL (1968); AKESON ct al. (1970); SUTHERLAND (1971); BAKEK and MABIE (1973); CHANIOTIS (1974); MATSUDA and MATSUMOTO (1974); and THOMSON and HOLLING (1974).

The present study, aimed to investigate the feeding behaviour of the adult insects towards various types of nutrients.

2 Material and methods

The experiments were carried out in plastic Petri-dishes, half filled with paraffin and lined with whatman no. 1 filter-paper circles. Circular discs of diet were transferred to the petri- dishes. Two discs were tested in each arena, one control and one test disc placed in each arena in diametrically opposite positions, 20 mm from the centre.

Adult beetles about two weeks old were starved for 24 hours prior to a test. Tests were conducted in darkness at 25 t 1' C. The experiment was designed to provide 30 beetles of the same age, in each of five replicate tests, with a choice between a treated and an untreated disc (control).

Beetles aggregation and feeding were the criteria of response. They were observed and recorded at 15 minutesintervals, but only data for the first 15 minutes are shown in the tables because generally the highest aggregation intensity occurred within this interval. Afcer 24 hours, the beetles were removed.

The diets were prepared by incorporation of the nutrients in a 4 O/o agar solution. The nutrient concentrations in such diets were selected according to HSIAO and FRAENKEL (1968).

(The following equation is applied to calculate the percentage of response of adult beet- les to different types of nutrient.)

y - - " Percentage of response = ~ x 100

Where x is the percentage of insects in experiment and y is the percentage of insects in control test.

3 Experimental results

3.1 Carbohydrates

The effect of various sugars a t 0.1 M concentration on aggregation and feeding behaviour of the hump beetle, are summarized in table I.

From this prelilminary test it is evident that among the sugars examined, only few elicit aggregation and feeding. The response to sucrose was highly specific, since none of the other sugars showed a comparable effect.

Also, various molar concentrations of sucrose, lactose, glucose and fructose were tested and the results are summarized in table 2 . The threshold of response to sucrose and lactose was about 0.0001 M, but the threshold of response to glucose and fructose was about 0.00001 M.

Page 3: Feeding behaviour of the hump beetle, Gibbium psylloides Czemp. (Col., Ptinidae)

48 B. M . El-S, lwbl j J U : ~ s. N . E ~ - s ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ,

T,zb/e 1. Aggregation and feeding response, of thc hump beetle, Gibbiurri psjl ioit ic 's G e 1 1 1 ~ . on teht discs treated with difiereiit types of carbohydrates, based on rcplicates of 30 beetles

each

Tesr marerial

Pento\e5 L-Arabinox D-Xylosc

Hevoses Glucose Fructose

Disaccharidcs Sucrose Maltose Lactose

Tri- and poly- saccharides

Raffiiiose Dextriii Starch

C",lC. X I .

0. I 0.1

3.1 0.1

0.1 0.1 0.1

0.1 5 010

5 o i u

12 79 1 71 7.4 10.2 4 78 1 72 2.01 7.7

35 110 18 40 12,s 63.5 36 111 5 39 21.1 64.5

99 130 0 20 66 54.6 44 97 0 53 29.3 45.4 55 121 0 29 36.7 76.1

18 79 6 71 5.3 10.2 14 52 4 68 6.8 17.1 13 76 5 74 5.6 2.7

Tuble 2. Effects of different concentrations of sucrose, lactose, glucose, and fructose on the response of the hump beetle, Gibbium psylloides Czemp.

n , ' ~ beetles e r t a b l i ~ h m e n t on differenr concenrrJtions 1 M 0.5 M 0.1 M 0.05 h l 0.01 31 0.001 M 0.0001 hl 0.00001 M Sugars

-

Sucrose 50.7 53.4 84.4 55.4 71.4 77.4 73.3 51.0 Lactose 42.6 46.0 73.6 54.6 57.0 69.3 66.0 46.0 Glucose 42.0 50.0 63.5 77.3 73.3 68.6 50.0 53.0 Fructose 37.2 40.4 64.8 50.0 54.7 68.6 80.7 50.3

Generally, the sugar's effectiveness decreased at concentrations beyond 0.1 M.

3.2 Proteins

The effect of six proteins on the aggregation and feeding response of the hump beetle, is summarized in table 3.

All proteins tested induced aggregations as well as feeding and the highest positive response was obtained with casein. As a group, all the proteins tested had stimulatory effect, although they differed in respect to apparent threshold concentrations. The beetles were responsive to protein concentra- tion differences, and were able to discriminate between agar media con- taining different amounts of each protein.

The results show that the optimuim response to casein, glutamine and albumen was at a concentration of 10 g/lOO ml and at concentrations higher than 10 g/1OO ml the response to proteins decreased.

Page 4: Feeding behaviour of the hump beetle, Gibbium psylloides Czemp. (Col., Ptinidae)

Feeding behnioinl- o j Gibbiurn ps j ' l lo ides Czcmp. 19

'! .ib/e 3. Aggregation and feeding rcsponses of the hump beetle, Gibbiitm p j j , / / o i r l r z Czeinp. o i l tcst discs treated with different purified proteins, based on 5 replicates of 30 beetles each

Casein G 1 u t mi i ii e Gluten Gliadin Soy protein Albumen

2 9 81.7 93.6 7 33 54.5 71.8

10 123 141 10 8 4 117

81 112 4 3s 52.7 66.1 10 10 74 109 16 41 43.2 62.4

108 22 42 45.4 61.1 10 8 4 10 s 7 113 7 37 55.9 67.1

3.3 Vitamins and related substances

The results presented in table 4 show that only Brewer's yeast appeared to elicit a feeding response manifested in more feeding individuals than the control agar media. The pronounced stimulatory effect of Brewer's yeast prompted us to test the effects of different concentrations of yeast on feeding response. The results of this study indicate that the optimum response to yeast was at a concentration of 1 g/IOO ml, above and below which the response to yeast decreased.

Table 4. Aggregation a n d feeding responses of the hump beetle, Gibbiurn psylloides Czemp. on discs treated with vitamins and related substances, based on 5 replicates of 30 beetles each

Total number of beetles on discs at end of 15 min Conc. test control responses 010

Test material g'lo0 rnl feeding aggregation feeding aggregation feeding aggregation

Brewers yeast 7.52 51 121 - 29 34.0 76.0 Ascorbic acid 0.47 8 52 11 98 Wheat bran 1.64 22 82 - 68 14.7 17.1 Vitamin B

Choline

- -

complex 9.4 ml 5 50 - 100 3.3 -

86 - 64 lS.O 25.5 chloride 0.1 27

3.4 Inorganic salts

The results presented in table 5 show that KH#OI, K~HPOJ, KCI and MgSOA have a little stimulating effect on feeding behaviour and that KoH and K?C03 appear to have no stimulating effect on feeding, and that CaC1, CaC03 and KNOs deterred when tested alone.

A synergistic effect appeared only when 0.01 M sucrose was mixed with KC1, NaCI, KrHPOl and KH~POI, but not with other salts.

In order to determine the effect of cation and anion separately six potas- sium salts with 0.01 M sucrose were tested. The result indicated that the

Page 5: Feeding behaviour of the hump beetle, Gibbium psylloides Czemp. (Col., Ptinidae)

50 B. M . El-Sawuf and S. M . El-SaJ,es

Tzble J . Effects of inorganic salts on the feeding bchariour of the hump beetle, Gibbium ~ $ 1 lloides Czemp., based 011 5 replicates of 30 bcetles each

KC1

NaCl MsSO4

CaC0.j KOH

K2CO:j

+ Sucrose 0.01 M

KNO:I I CaCl I K;HPO4 ISHJ'Oi Sucrose 0.01 M

11 7s 3 3s 7 103

2s 104 6 3s

22 79 93

103 19 S O 46 111

99 109 49 79 96 137 46 80 45 54 36 49 75 100 84 105 77 102

125 135 140 145 81 104

- -

13 72 - 7.7 18 112 11 47 - 54.6 13 46 10.9 55.7

- 71 14.7 10.2 - 57 - 38.7 - 42 - 61.1 - 70 12.7 12.3 17 39 21.8 64.8

3 41 65.3 62.4 17 71 24.1 10.2 11 13 61.1 90.4 17 70 21.8 12.3 27 96 14.6 - 25 101 8.7 - 19 50 42.7 50.1

5 45 54.5 57.1 21 48 43.4 52.9 21 15 80.6 88.9 - 5 93.3 96.5 - 46 54.0 55.7

- -

- - 9 112

anionic group attached to the potassium ion has a profound effect on its ability to react synergistically with sucrose.

3.5 Effect of time on feeding response

The results show that the maximum positive response occurred after 15 minutes, and the response decreased as the time increased. Generally, the response is inversely proportionate to the time. This may be attributed to certain adaptation to the stimulants.

3.6 Interaction between feeding stimulants

Interaction between feeding stimulants were investigated by testing a mix- ture of four known feeding stimulants in the agar medium, these substances were selected on basis of the findings obtained in the previous sections. Four concentrations of this mixture were tested (table 6).

The results indicate that all concentrations, except the largest one, elicited high degrees of aggregation and feeding response. There was no apparent substantial difference in responses caused by diluting the concentration of the mixture, while increasing the concentration decreased the feeding re- sponse.

Comparison of these responses with those obtained in the previous series

Page 6: Feeding behaviour of the hump beetle, Gibbium psylloides Czemp. (Col., Ptinidae)

rLib/c 6. Effects on feeding responses of adding various concentrations of a nutrient mixture (casein + sucrose + ycast + ICH2POi) to the agar medium, bascd on 5 rcplicates

of 30 beetles each

Q u a n t i t y used

'11 of original mix. 3.84 121 137 - 13 S0.7 90.4 ti. of original mix. 7.68 142 145 1 4 94.6 96.5 1 X original mix. 15.36 144 146 - 4 96.0 97.2 2X original mixture 30.72 112 121 4 29 73.9 76.1

showed that these stimulants were more effective when offered in the com- plex medium than in agar alone.

4 Discussion

In this part it was tried to study the role of some nutritive chemicals on the feeding behaviour of the hump beetle, Gibbium psylloides Czemp. A number of nutritive substances were tested including sugars, proteins, fatty acids, cholesterol, vitamins and inorganic salts.

The results indicate that while many nutrients may enhance the aggrega- tion response of the beetles, only a few elicit feeding responses. These feeding stimulants include sucrose; all proteins such as casein, glutamine and al- bumen; and yeast. In addition several inorganic salts such as NaCl, KC1 and K H 2 P O ~ , which enhance feeding response in the presence of feeding stim- ulants may be regarded as feeding co-factors.

The feeding behaviour of Gibbium psylloides Czemp. was explained in terms of interrelationships between kineses, sensory adaptation and thresh- olds. It is generally accepted that insect feeding behaviour has four com- ponents: orientation, biting, sustained feeding and dispersal (BECK 1965; THORSTEINSON 1960). The main requirements for sustained feeding are the presence of suitable gustatory stimuli, the absence of inhibitory stimuli, and a low threshold of response to chemotactic stiimuli.

In the present study three distinct types of joint actions, additive, syner- gistic and antagonistic were recognized. These three types of interaction in- fluence the feeding behaviour of Gibbium psylloides Czemp. Additive erTects are observed when two or more feeding stimulants are combined in a mix- ture, synergistic effects when inorganic salts, such as KHiPOi and KC1 are mixed with feeding stimulants, and antagonistic effects when inorganic salts such as, KzC03 and &SO4 are added to the sucrose agar medium.

Also the data indicate that as time passed the aggregation response de- clined. This phenomenon indicates sensory adaptation of chemoreceptors and a rising threshold for feeding, as also suggested by DETHIER and BODEN- STEIN (1958).

Page 7: Feeding behaviour of the hump beetle, Gibbium psylloides Czemp. (Col., Ptinidae)

52

Zusammenfassung

Zum E,.nah~utigsve,-halten Zion Gibbium psj,lloides C z e m p . (Col. , Ptinidue) Die Ernahrung von G . psylloides wurde von Zuckcrn, Proteinen, Vitaininen und anorgani- chen Salzcn stimuliert. Untcr den getecteten Proteinen war Casein das beste Stimulans. Die Reihenfolge der Wirksamkeit von Zuckern als ErnahrunSsstiinulaiitieii war : Sucrose, Lactose, Fructose, Glucose. Die Kafcr zeigten sich empfindlich gegeniiber verschiedenen Konzcntrarionen von Sucrose und Casein. Die Rcaktionsgrenze gcgeniiber Sucrose lag Lei 0.0001 M gcgcniibcr Cateii: bei 0.5 gi l00 nil. Die anorganischcn Salze KCI, NaC1, und K H ~ P O J waren fur sich allein inaktiv, zeigten aber zu anderen Srimulantien synergistische Wirkung. Die Stimulantien zeigten sich effektiver in komplexen Medien als in Agar allein.

References

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BAKER, J. E.; MABIE, J. A., 1973: Feeding behaviour of larvae of Plodia interpunctella. Enoiron. Entomol. 2, 627-632.

BECK, S. D., 1965: Resistance of plants to insects. A. Rev. Entomol. 10, 207-232. CHANIOTIS, B. N., 1974: Sugar - feeding behaviour of Lut zomy ia trapidoi (Diptera, Psycho-

DELHIER, V. G.; BODENSTEIN, D., 1958: Hanger in blowfly. Z. Tierpsychol. ifi, 129-140. Hsr.40, T. H.; FRAENKEL, G., 1968: The influence of nutrient chemicals on the feeding be-

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LOSCHIAVO, S. R., 1965: Methods for studying aggregation and feeding behaviour of the confused flour beetle, Tribol ium conjusum. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. J8, 383-388.

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SUTHERLAND, 0. R. W., 1971: Feeding behaviour of the grass grub Costelytra zealandica. 1. The influence of carbohydrates. J. Sci. 24, 18-24.

THOMSON, A. J.; HOLLING, C. S., 1974: Experimental component analysis of blow fly, Phormia regina, feeding behaviour. J. Insect Physiol. 20, 1553-1563.

THORSTEINSON, A. J., 1960: Host selection in phytophagous insects. A. Rev. Ent. fi, 193-218.

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