5
170 L. Nef sur la resistance des peupliers aux attaques de Gypsonoma aceriana Dup. Med. Fac. Land- bouww. Rijksuniv. Gent. 48/2, 293-302. KONANOWICZ, E., 1984: Invloed van tijd en insektenaantasting op het polyfenolgehalte van populierebladeren. Eindwerk K. I. H . L., Diepenbeek. NEF, L., 1982: Influence de facteurs gknetiques et environnementaux sur la resistance des peupliers aux attaques de Phyllocnistis suffusella 2. Med. Fac. Landbouww. Rijksuniv. Gent. 4712, 597-606. - 1983: Estimation non-paramktrique de la sensibilitk de plantes envers des diprkdateurs phytophages. Biom. Praxim. 23, 73-82. - 1984: Report belgian Working Group on Entomology to 17th. session of Int. Poplar Comm., Ottawa. SMETS, E., 1982: Kwantitatieve bepaling van tanninen in populierebladeren. Eindwerk K. I. H. L., Diepenbeek. STEENACKERS, V., 1982: Le travail d’amilioration du peuplier en Belgique. For@t Entrepr./Bull. .~ vulg. For., 82/2, 4-9. SULS, 1981: Studie van de diktegroei van populier op de vloeiweide Lommel-Kolonie. Eindwerk .. C. T. L., Gent. deren. Eindwerk K. I. H. L., Diepenbeek. TIMMERMAN, P. H., 1983: Kwalitatieve en kwantitatieve dosering van polyfenolen in populierebla- Adresse d’uuteur: L. NEF, Centre d’Etude en Ecologie et Sylviculture, Bokrijk, B-3600 Genk. Subsidii par l’I.R.S.1.A. (Institut pour YEncouragement de la Recherche Scien- tifique dans 1’Industrie er l’agriculture) Insect pests of Eucalyptus carnaldulensis Dehn. in the Community Woodlot in Thailand’ By C. HUTACHARERN and B. SABHASRI Abstract The wide, versatile usage and economic value of Euculy tus cumuldulensis Dehn. makes itself ideally suited as the selected species for community woodot project. The following insects were observed as pests of E. cumuldulensis in the area: Hypomeces squumosus F., Cyrthacuntuais tuturicu Linn., Cunephoru unicolor Hufn., Chuliodes vitreu Hampson, Cero lustes sp., Bruchytry- Psilo teru viridicupreu Saund., and Culospomosoma sp. are mentioned but found in the provinces nearly. All the pests mentioned are pests of local woodland species and agricultural crops. Adding E. cumuldulensis as their new host would encourage the population increase. Among those pests, B. portentotus, termites, and white grubs are the most important pests in the community woodlot area. pes portentotus Litc., termites and white grubs. Other insects such as Xy P otrupes gideon Linn., 1 Introduction Due to heavy consumption and shortage of fuelwood is most critical in the Northeast of Thailand. Consequently, Thai government in cooperation with the US Agency for International Development (USAID) decided to create a Community Woodlot Project. The aim of the project was to demonstrate and Paper presented at the IUFRO Symposium ‘Man made outbreaks of forest pests and their control’, held August 13-17, 1984 at the University of Gottingen. U.S. Copyright Clearance Center Code Statement: 0044-2240/85/9902-0170 $ 02.50/0 Z. ang. Ent. 99 (1985), 170-174 0 1985 Verlag Paul Parey, Hamburg und Berlin ISSN 0044-2240 / Intercode: ZANEAE

Insect pests of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. in the Community Woodlot in Thailand

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Page 1: Insect pests of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. in the Community Woodlot in Thailand

170 L. Nef

sur la resistance des peupliers aux attaques de Gypsonoma aceriana Dup. Med. Fac. Land- bouww. Rijksuniv. Gent. 48/2, 293-302.

KONANOWICZ, E., 1984: Invloed van tijd en insektenaantasting op het polyfenolgehalte van populierebladeren. Eindwerk K. I. H . L., Diepenbeek.

NEF, L., 1982: Influence de facteurs gknetiques et environnementaux sur la resistance des peupliers aux attaques de Phyllocnistis suffusella 2. Med. Fac. Landbouww. Rijksuniv. Gent. 4712, 597-606.

- 1983: Estimation non-paramktrique de la sensibilitk de plantes envers des diprkdateurs phytophages. Biom. Praxim. 23, 73-82.

- 1984: Report belgian Working Group on Entomology to 17th. session of Int. Poplar Comm., Ottawa.

SMETS, E., 1982: Kwantitatieve bepaling van tanninen in populierebladeren. Eindwerk K. I. H . L., Diepenbeek.

STEENACKERS, V., 1982: Le travail d’amilioration du peuplier en Belgique. For@t Entrepr./Bull. .~ vulg. For., 82/2, 4-9.

SULS, 1981: Studie van de diktegroei van populier op de vloeiweide Lommel-Kolonie. Eindwerk . . C. T. L., Gent.

deren. Eindwerk K. I. H. L., Diepenbeek. TIMMERMAN, P. H., 1983: Kwalitatieve en kwantitatieve dosering van polyfenolen in populierebla-

Adresse d’uuteur: L. NEF, Centre d’Etude en Ecologie et Sylviculture, Bokrijk, B-3600 Genk. Subsidii par l’I.R.S.1.A. (Institut pour YEncouragement de la Recherche Scien- tifique dans 1’Industrie er l’agriculture)

Insect pests of Eucalyptus carnaldulensis Dehn. in the Community Woodlot in Thailand’

By C. HUTACHARERN and B. SABHASRI

Abstract The wide, versatile usage and economic value of Euculy tus cumuldulensis Dehn. makes itself ideally suited as the selected species for community woodot project. The following insects were observed as pests of E . cumuldulensis in the area: Hypomeces squumosus F., Cyrthacuntuais tuturicu Linn., Cunephoru unicolor Hufn., Chuliodes vitreu Hampson, Cero lustes sp., Bruchytry-

Psilo teru viridicupreu Saund., and Culospomosoma sp. are mentioned but found in the provinces nearly. All the pests mentioned are pests of local woodland species and agricultural crops. Adding E . cumuldulensis as their new host would encourage the population increase. Among those pests, B. portentotus, termites, and white grubs are the most important pests in the community woodlot area.

pes portentotus Litc., termites and white grubs. Other insects such as X y P otrupes gideon Linn.,

1 Introduction

Due to heavy consumption and shortage of fuelwood is most critical in the Northeast of Thailand. Consequently, Thai government in cooperation with the US Agency for International Development (USAID) decided to create a Community Woodlot Project. The aim of the project was to demonstrate and

’ Paper presented at the IUFRO Symposium ‘Man made outbreaks of forest pests and their control’, held August 13-17, 1984 at the University of Gottingen.

U.S. Copyright Clearance Center Code Statement: 0044-2240/85/9902-0170 $ 02.50/0 Z. ang. Ent. 99 (1985), 170-174 0 1985 Verlag Paul Parey, Hamburg und Berlin ISSN 0044-2240 / Intercode: ZANEAE

Page 2: Insect pests of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. in the Community Woodlot in Thailand

Insect pests of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. 171

study the technique of planting fuel wood crops which would become a sustained source of fuelwood production for the people in the northeastern villages.

The community woodlot project was located in the middle of the northeast- ern region where extremes of climate and conditions occur annually. The land is hot and dry in summer, while wide-scale flooding is prevalent for many months in wet season, Seventysix percent of the soil is highly compact and nutrient deficit. Some parts have low pH and some contain extremely high salt. People in the community are very poor and short of fuel wood for cooking and to generate heat in winter. Hence, the project promises a pronounced mutual benefit for the rural people and forestry.

Eucalyptus cumaldulensis Dehn. is well-fitted for selection for planting for this project. It is useful and much in demand for fuel, charcoal, posts and poles. TURNBULL and PRYOR (1978) described its main good characteristics and some of them are particularly suitable for the northeastern region, especially a. rapid growth on poor sites with a low rainfall, b. ability to tolerate soil salinity and c. ability to coppice readily.

From 1981 to 1984 the woodlot project, along with other land development projects, was planted with E. camaldulensis on typically poor land for approxi- mately more than 2,000 acres. This was the first introduction of massive tree planting in that particular area. Consequently it was expected that this would have a significant effect in attracting insects to the trees.

2 Methodics

Observations on insect pests of E. cumuldulensis in the community woodlot area were carried out in February and March of 1984. Examination on insect activities covered the following provinces in the northeastern region: Sri-sakate, Mahasarakarm, Surin, Khonkaen, Karasin, Yasothorn, and Roy-Ed. Age of trees ranged from one month to three year. Forester who is in charge of each plantation as well as the workers were interviewed and discussed on the insect pests activities of each area.

In the following sections, the insect pests of E . cumuldulensis are discussed and grouped according to the plant parts they damage. Insects that were found at some other times in the nearby provinces are also drawn for attention.

3 Results

3.1 Weevil

Only one species of the Curculionid, Hyomeces squamosus F. was observed to defoliate eucaly tus. Its population is relatively high. The adult weevil, 15 mm

host range. The weevil also feeds on Acacia auriculaeformis Cun., Croton longissirnus Airy Shaw, Sindora siamensis Teijsm., Siphonodon celastrineus Griff. and the last species is the most preferred. INTARAKUMHAENG (1982) reported the feeding of H. squamosus on E. camaldulensis in Nakornpathom province (west of Bangkok) and noticed that the insect was mostly active at mid-day and there was an abundant opulation from June till August. The

(WONGSIRI 1983). The adults feed mainly on leaves, suddenly dropping to the ground when disturbed. Eggs are laid under the ground, with the hatch larvae feed on plant roots. From observation, it is certain that the weevil is a relatively

in size, is metal P ic green and some are dusty brown. The insect has a very wide

insect was also reported as a pest o P cotton, sugarcane orange and mango

Page 3: Insect pests of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. in the Community Woodlot in Thailand

172 C. Hutacharern and B. Sabhasri

common pest of local plants and woodland species that exist in the area. It is not recognized as a major pest of E. camaldulensis but must be regarded as potentially serious. The changing of forest management practice by introduc- ing a monoculture of E. camaldulensis into this area could favor the population increase over more widespread areas.

3.2 Chrysomelid (leaf beetle)

No insects in this family are encountered on E . camaldulensis in the commu- nity woodlot lantation. However, in Nakornsrithammaraj province, which is

feed heavily on young E. camaldulensis plants during the rainy months in 1983 (ANONYMOUS 1983). The beetle is shiny dark blue or green, 3-5 mm, and severely defoliated the young plants. Others chrysomelids are not significant and negligible in number.

located near t hp e woodlot, at least one species of Calospomosoma was found to

3.3 Cricket and grasshopper

Grasshopper, Cyrthacantacris tatarica L. was occasionally found in the wood- lot plantation and the damage was not conspicuous. Damage from field cricket, Brachytrypes portentotus Litc., was most pronounced in young plantation. Shoots of E. camaldulensis at 1-3 months old were bitten off by the field cricket. The persistent destruction of the apical shoots lead to extensive brooming. In some instances, the cricket bit the stems at soil level and the young plants die. Cricket is not solely responsible for shoot breaking; brows- ing by cows and buffaloes also gives the same result and might be mistaken for cricket damage.

3.4 Bagworms

Two species of Psychidae were collected from the plantation sites. They were Cunephora unicolor Hufn. and Chaliodes vitrea Hampson. The latter species is smaller in size. Both species are pests of fruit trees. The population was very low and is not economical significant.

3.5 Scale insect

Wax cale, Ceroplastes sp., feeds on the surface of branches and stems. The insect has a thick heavy covering of white wax over its body. The host range of Ceroplastes is very broad. JOHNSON and LYON (1976) indicated that the most commonly infested are holly, boxwood, hemlock, barberry, pyracantha, and numerous species of shade trees and perennial weeds. The Ceroplastes sp. was also found aggregated on the lower of stems of E. camaldulensis in Chiangmai in 1982.

3.6 Scarab

Evidence of insects feeding on bark and leaving the wood exposed was found in Udorn province along with the large and shiny dark brown beetle, Xylo- trupes gideon L. (Dynastidae). The beetle is also recognized as a minor pest of sugarcane (CHAROENSOM 1982). It is considered as an unimportant pest but it serves as a valuable food supplement for villagers.

Page 4: Insect pests of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. in the Community Woodlot in Thailand

Insect pests of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn 173

3.7 Buprestid

A medium size buprestid, Psiloptera viridicuprea Saund. was not found in 1984 but was reported as a bark feeder in 1983 in Sakonakorn province. The beetle feeds on bark while the larva bores into the stem. Its size is 2-2.5 cm, shiny reddish green. Terminalia chebula Retz., a species in dry dipterocarp forest, is primarily the host of this beetle.

3.8 Termites

Termites are major pests of small eucalypt plants in dry areas, especially the northeastern provinces. Termites feeding on roots causes trees to wilt and die. Estimation of losses in Mahasarakarm province is 10 % each month during the dry period (November-April). Poor growth and a dryer site normally favor termites’ attack. Chemical treating is economical and practical only for seed- lings in containers prior to transfer to the planting site. Therefore, the problem of termites in young plantations has yet to be solved.

3.9 White grubs

In January 1984, the planting of eucalyptus during the dry season was initiated in Srisaket province. The young plants thrive well during the hot weather with minor death from dryness, termites, and cricket. Planting was repeated at a later date in the adjacent area and rice-husk ash was added in the seedling containers to sustain moisture for better succession. After one month, mortal- ity was recorded and found higher than the first trial. White grubs were found responsible for the higher number of dead plants. It is evident that the ash was the source of white grubs; although whether the eggs were F l y con- taminated in the ash or whether the ash induced oviposition o the adults after the seedling had planted in the field has yet to be determined. The incident indicated that mortality is the outcome of human activities.

Summary The pests of E. camaldulensis discussed in this paper are known to be common locally and have long been pests of other crops and woodland species. For example, H. squamosus is a count wide est and is evident in any eucalyptus plantation. The population of this insect c a n n o t x regargd as of epidemic pro onions, and the pest presently shows a greater preference for plant species other than E. camal%ulensis. However, when E . camaldulensis has settled itself, cover most of the land and predominated other species, the threat from H. squamosus will be proportionately greater.

One can ex ect any agricultural ests of the area to attack E. camaldulensis. In arid land such as some parts of t1e community woodrot project, termites are normally the problem and white grubs feed on the roots of young eucalyptus ants in loose and sandy soil. Together with those two pests, field cricket also commonly attact young tree. These three pests are highly significant in young plantations and are especially prominant during the third year of planting. This might be due to the adaptation of the pest to the E. camaldulensis after more than two years of settlement. With articular attention on white grubs which occurred only in 1984 when the rice-husk ash was addecfin the seedling containers. The change of seedling substrate was to improve the moisture holding capacity for the seedling on the other hand white grube are introduced.

Unavoidably, we have now provided a new host for the local pests. During this decade E . camaldulensis is Thailand’s highlighted species for industrial purposes. Its versatile a plication and significant economic value are attracting greater recognition, with the result tEat there is a continuous establishment of new eucalyptus plantations, not only in the northeastern region but also, increasingly throughout the whole country.

Page 5: Insect pests of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. in the Community Woodlot in Thailand

174 C. Hutacharern and B. Sabhasri

Zusammenfassung Schadinsekten an Eukalyptus carnaldulensis Dehn. in Gemeindewaldern

Thailands Die vielseitige Verwendbarkeit und der wirtschaftliche Wert lassen E. camaldulensis-Baume als ideal geeignet erscheinen fur ein Gemeindewald-Projekt. Folgende Insekten wurden als Schadlinge in Eukalyptus-Plantagen beobachtet: Hypomeces squamosus F., Cyrthacantanis tatarica Linn., Canephora unicolor Hufn., Chaliodes witrea Hampson, Ceroplastes sp., Brachytrypes portentotus Litc. Andere Insekten wie Xylotrupes gideon Linn., Psilo tera wiridicuprea Saund. und Calo- spomosoma sp. traten in der Umgebung der Pflanzungen au! Alle genannten Insekten-Arten sind normalerweise lokale land- und forstwirtschaftliche Schadlinge. Die Erweiterung ihres Nahrungs- spektrums durch den Anbau von E. carnaldulensis forderte ihr Populationswachstum. Wichtige Schadlingsarten waren die Grille, Brachytrypes portentotus und Termiten.

References

ANONYMOUS, 1983: Yearly Report of Forest Insect Research (Thai). Royal Forest Department, Bangkok, Thailand.

CHAROENSOM, K., 1982: Sugarcane Insects (Thai). Thai Sugarcane Technologist Association. Kasetsart Univ., Bangkok, Thailand.

INTARAKUMHAENG, R., 1983: Studies on Eucalyptus Insects (Thai). Kasetsart University, Kum- pangsan, Nakornprathom.

JOHNSON, W. T.; LYON, H. H., 1976: Insects that feed on trees and shrubs. Comstock Pub. Assoc. Cornell Ithaca, London; Univ. Press.

TURNBULL, J. W.; PRYOR, L. D., 1978: Choices of species and seed sources. In: Eucalyptus for wood oroduction. Ed. bv W. E. HILLIS and A. G. BROWN. CSIRO (Aust.) Griffin Press

. I

Limiteh, Adelaide, S. A u k , 6-65.

Publ. WONGSIRI, S., 1983: Insect Pests of Agricultural Crops in Thailand (Thai). Bangkok; Odeon Store

Authors’ address: CHAVEWAN HUTACHARERN, Entomologist, Division of Silviculture; BOONSONG SABHASRI, Director, Division of National Forest Land Management, Royal Forest Department, Bangkok, Thailand

Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Garpenberg, Sweden

Pinus contorta as a potential host for Tomicus piniperda L. and T. minor (Hart.) (Col., Scolytidae) in Sweden’

By B. LANGSTROM and C. HELLQVIST

Abstract

In 1982-1984 window-traps baited with logs of Pinus sylvestris captured many more specimens of Tomicus piniperda and T. minor than did traps baited with logs of P. contorta or Picea abies, whereas unbaited control traps caught no beetles. Thus, primary attraction was important in guiding these beetles to the host material. In the laboratory, both beetle species oviposited and produced progeny in logs of P. sylvestris and P. contorta. The performance of T. minor was,

’ Paper presented at the IUFRO Symposium “Man made outbreaks of forest pests and their control”, held August 13-17, 1984 at the University of Gottingen.

U.S. Copyright Clearance Center Code Statement: 0044-2240/85/9902-0174 $ 02.50/0 Z. ang. Ent. 99 (1985), 174-181 0 1985 Verlag Paul Parey, Hamburg und Berlin ISSN 0044-2240 / Intercode: ZANEAE