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EVZMT jm Vfnm`fms mt Zmfk`lalinms, cm`tnl`Ec`eimcm`t, ]rde`nscm mt Jvmalppmcm`t jms Zmrrntlnrms

Vpfneant Fl`struftnl` mt Ec`eimcm t juredam

Aessnste`fm ! ce"trnsm jluvreim #jfr$pteim ju`m prl%mssnl` sn`iuan&rm eu'

flcptm`fms cuatnpams

Cclnrm prsm`t mt slutm`u per Tlcernf AMVE()ZE``m u`nvmrsntenrm *+* - *+.

Zutmur u`nvmrsntenrm # Fkrnstlpkm AMFAMTF/Zutmur prl%mssnl``ma # Jecnm` V]TT8FE8rie`nscm #Eim`fm Jecnm` Vurrlfe Erfkntmftms

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Tmcmrfnmcm`ts55

Zlut jedlrj, 4m slukentm ejrmssmr cms sn`f&rms rmcmrfnmcm ts ! Cl`snmur

Jecnm` V]TT8FE, erfkntmftm J6A:, Tmspl`sedam jm aeim`fm Jecnm` VurrlfeErfkntmftms, plur cevlnr effumnaan eu smn` jm sl` eim`fm eu `lc jm aluvmrturm mt jm

afke`im n`tmrjnsfnpan`enrm=

7m rmcmrfnm ieamcm`t tlutm a9unpm jm aeim`fm JVE, Vlpknm 6(8))(;,

Jdlrek 8F/](JM)Z, >re`?lns C8TMAAM, Facm`t JMTA2, Eam'e`jrm 6EACMT, mt

)nflaes JE]61(), plur cevlnr n`tir sn sncpamcm`t eu smn` jm a9unpm=

Cms rmcmrfnmcm`ts s3ejrmssm`t ! Cl`snmur Fkrnstlpkm AMFAMTF/, erfkntmftm

J6A: mt fkeri jm flurs ! a(`stntut j]rde`nscm mt jEc`eimcm`t jm Anaam, plur ae

jnrmftnl` jm ae prsm`tm tujm, sms prfnmusms n`jnfetnl`s mt se frntn9um n`spnrm=

M`suntm, 43ejrmssm jm fkeamurmu' rmcmrfnmcm`ts ! Cettknmu 6TM]08Z, essnste`t !ce"trnsm jluvreim eu smn` jm aeim`fm (cpeft /ueant M`vnrl``mcm`team, plur sl`

effumna, sms n`%lrcetnl`s mt se andmrt jm pm`smr=

7m tnm`s ieamcm`t ! rmcmrfnmr sn`f&rmcm`t Cl`snmur Mrnf 6ETV2, Cenrm jm ae vnaam

jm Jl`, plur se prfnmusm enjm e`ea$tn9um mt se jnspl`ndnant=

M`%n`, cms rmcmrfnmcm`ts `m smrenm`t pes flcpamts se`s $ n`tirmr Cejecm

68TZM, Jnrmftrnfm :`ream jms Vmrvnfms jm ae flccu`m jm Jl`, plur se dl``m kucmur

mt sms m`flureimcm`ts=

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6ae` ju cclnrm55

Tmcmrfnmcm`ts .

6rlpls n`trljuftn%s re`fm

.== am cerfk %re`?ens jm aEC8

.=*= am >l`j jpertmcm`tea plur a3ec`eimcm`t ju )lrj

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Zrlnsn&cm fkepntrm8dsmrvetnl`s mt e`ea$sm ju rGam mt jm ae plsntnl` jm aE 8 ! trevmrs am prl4mt jm aeflccu`m jm Jl` .K(= Am irlupm sflaenrm 1/M jm ae vnaam jm Jl` .I

= Vntuetnl`*= 6rl4mt

*== *++K - *++ # prmcnmr prl4mt # fl`struftnl` ju` irlupm sflaenrm sur amsntm jm aflam prncenrm 6estmur rmspmfte`t ae jcerfkm jm 1eutm /ueantM`vnrl``mcm`team*=*= *++ - *+* # smfl`j prl4mt # rkednantetnl` mt m'tm`snl` ju irlupmsflaenrm sur am sntm jm aflam cetmr`maam 6eren`ieu' je`s u`m jcerfkm1/M mt rpl`je`t e cn`nce e ae pmr%lrce`fm NNF*=.= *+* - *+H # trlnsn&cm prl4mt # rkednantetnl` jm aflam cetmr`maam m`

rmsteuretnl` sflaenrm mt fretnl` ju`m `luvmaam flam cetmr`maam je`s u`mjcerfkm 1/M mt rpl`je`t e cn`nce e ae pmr%lrce`fm NNF

.= 6rsm`tetnl` jm ae ce"trnsm jluvreim.== am flcnt jm pnalteim.=*= am 4ur$ jm samftnl` jm a9unpm jm ce"trnsm jlmuvrm

((= Aessnste`fm ! ce"trnsm jluvreim plur am prl4mt jm Jl` D*= 6lrtrent jm aeim`fm (cpeft /ueant M`vnrl``mcm`team

== plrtrent jm aessnste`t ! ce"trnsm jluvreim m` fkerim ju prl4mt

*= Cerfk mt cnssnl`s jm aessnste`t ! ce"trnsm jluvreim*== prsm`tetnl` jms cnssnl`s ju cerfk*=*= prlirmssnl` jm ae cnssnl` jm 1eutm /ueant M`vnrl``mcm`team

.= Ae cnssnl` jessnste`fm # repplrts evmf ams pertm`enrms ju prl4mt mt prmcnmrsfl`stets

.== repplrts evmf ae ce"trnsm jluvreim

.=*= repplrts evmf ae ce"trnsm jlmuvrm.=*== rmaetnl`s evmf Jecnm` Vurrlfe Erfkntmftms.=*=*= rmaetnl`s evmf am durmeu jtujms (`irlp

Fl`fausnl`

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6rlpls n`trljuftn%s55

Vn, plur ae punsse`fm pudan9um, a3eftm jm fl`strunrm cetrneansm am j$`ecnscm, ae

%lrfm j3n``lvetnl` mt, j3u`m fmrten`m %e?l`, ae dl``m se`t fl`lcn9um jm ae strufturm, na

`m fl`stntum 9um ae pertnm cmrim j3u` prl4mt= M` ecl`t jm a3eftm jm %enrm, ae jfnsnl`

jm %enrm m`ieim jm `lcdrmu' eftmurs ! fl`4uiumr amurs m%%lrts je`s am dut jm trejunrm

fl`fr&tmcm`t ae vnsnl` j3u`m lrie`nsetnl` lu ju` n`jnvnju ce"trm jm aluvreim=

Jancntetnl` ju suomt

Eve`t jm`trmr je`s am vn% ju su4mt, prm`l`s u` n`ste`t plur prfnsmr ams %rl`tn&rms

ju su4mt= Zlut jedlrj, plur am prsm`t cclnrm, 4en slukent tujnmr, ! trevmrs cl`

m'prnm`fm jm trlns clns eu smn` jm aeim`fm jerfkntmfturm Jecnm` Vurrlfe Erfkntmftms,

tlutm ae flcpam'nt ju rGam Ojms rGams B mt jm ae plsntnl` Ojms plsntnl`s B jm aessnste`t !

ce"trnsm jluvreim eu' fGts jms jmu' 9unpms jm ce"trnsm ju` prl4mt # ae ce"trnsm

jluvreim mt ae ce"trnsm jlmuvrm - `ltnl`s sur ams9umaams 4m rmvnm`jren eu flurs jm fmttm

n`trljuftnl` -= Am ctnmr jessnste`t ! ce"trnsm jluvreim frnsteaanse`t cl` espnretnl`

prl%mssnl``maam, 4en slukent cnmu' flcprm`jrm sl` eftnl` mt ldsmrvmr sl` trevena jmpuns

u` pln`t jm vum m'trnmur, m` pertnfnpe`t eu' eftnvnts 9ultnjnm``ms jm au` jm sms paus

prlfkm flaaedlretmur # aerfkntmftm=

M`suntm, na mst ncplrte`t jm `ltmr 9um am fkecp jm fmttm tujm sm ancntm eu smftmur

pudanf= Fkln' jandr, ae fnrfl`sfrnptnl` ! ae spk&rm pudan9um rsuatm jm jmu' %eftmurs=

Am prmcnmr rm`vlnm ! ae `eturm ccm ju cerfk eftuma= M` m%%mt, ams prn`fnpeu' fanm`ts

jms eim`fms j3essnste`fm ! ce"trnsm jluvreim sl`t jms n`stntutnl`s pudan9ums= Vn ams

eftmurs prnvs pmuvm t ieamcm`t settefkmr ams smrvnfms ju` essnste`t ! ce"trnsm

jluvreim, am ainsaetmur `ncplsm pes 9unas jtmrcn`m`t ams tfkms 9un n`flcdm`t eu'

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eftmurs pudanfs tmas 9um am prlireccm, am cl`teim %n`e`fnmr, mtf= Jm paus, 9uma 9um slnt

am cl`te`t jms treveu', ams eftmurs prnvs pmuvm`t fklnsnr andrmcm`t ams n`jnvnjus 9un

flcplsmrl`t a9unpm jm fl`fmptnl` ju prl4mt, se`s pessmr per u`m prlfjurm

%lrceansm alurjm= Am smfl`j %eftmur, paus pmrsl``ma, rpl`j ! cl` m`vnm jm trevenaamr eusmn` ju` tedanssmcm`t pudanf, eu paus pr&s jm ae j%n`ntnl` jms dmsln`s jms ejcn`nstrs=

7en jenaamurs prl%nt jm fmttm tujm plur cm`trmtm`nr evmf Eaen` )l$maam, am jnrmftmur ju

smrvnfm Essnste`fm ! ce"trnsm jluvreim eu smn` jm Anaam Ctrlplam=

M`%n`, atujm ju smua prl4mt jm ae flccu`m jm Jl` jlnt trm repprlfkm jm trlns

pln`ts # am tmcps ncpertn plur ae rjeftnl` ju prsm`t cclnrm, am fl`tm'tm jm se

rjeftnl` mt ae prfnsnl` jm an`vmstnietnl`= M` m%%mt, fm trevena jm rmfkmrfkm %ut reans

alrs jm cl` steim jm prmcn&rm e``m jm Cestmr Ec`eimcm`t, ]rde`nscm mt

Jvmalppmcm`t jms Zmrrntlnrms, spfneant Fl`struftnl` mt Ec`eimcm`t Juredam je`s

aeim`fm Jecnm` Vurrlfe Erfkntmftms ! Anaam= Vn ae flcdn`ensl` ju trevena jm rmfkmrfkm mt

jms eftnvnts ju steim sl`t n`tmrjpm`je`tms mt n`tmrfl``mftms, ae ru`nl` jms eftmurs

ju prl4mt, ! sevlnr nfn, am ce"trm jluvreim, aessnste`t ! ce"trnsm jluvreim mt am ce"trm

jlmuvrm ce`jetenrm, am trentmcm`t mt ae`ea$sm jms n`%lrcetnl`s rflatms %urm`t paus

ilurce`js m` tmcps 9uettm`ju @ Ams eutrms prl4mts samftnl``s je`s u` prmcnmr

tmcps plur am prsm`t trevena `l`t jl`f pes pu trm e4luts je`s am tmcps ncpertn per am

steim= Cl` fkln' smst jl`f plrt sur am prl4mt jm ae vnaam jm Jl` plur jmu' rensl`s

prn`fnpeams # ae jnspl`ndnant jms eftmurs mt ae %lrtm rmprsm`tetnvnt jm ae flccu`m jm

Jl` ju pe$seim flccu`ea %re`?ens eftuma= M` m%%mt, am tmrrntlnrm %re`?ens mst flcpls !

u`m tr&s aerim ce4lrnt OI< LB jm flccu`ms jm cln`s jm * +++ kednte`ts ejcn`nstrms

per jms pmrsl``ms 9uean%nms `l`prl%mssnl``maams= Jl` flcptm m`vnrl` .++ kednte`ts

mt a9unpm flccu`eam mst flcplsm jm prl%mssnl``mas nssus jm cnanmu' tr&s jnvmrs cens

alni`s jms eftnvnts ejcn`nstretnvms, riamcm`tenrms mt tmfk`n9ums prlprms !

(`stntut `etnl`ea jm ae stetnstn9um mt jms tujms fl`lcn9ums, *++, Tpertntnl` jms flccu`ms smal` aetre`fkm jm tenaam jms flccu`ms, m` ani`m, kttp#XXUUU=n`smm=%rX%rXtkmcmsXtedameu=esprmi5njHrm%5nj68686+*.,fl`suat am *K cers *+.=

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http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=14&ref_id=POPOP023http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=14&ref_id=POPOP023http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=14&ref_id=POPOP023http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=14&ref_id=POPOP023http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=14&ref_id=POPOP023

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aejcn`nstretnl` pudan9um= M`%n`, am prl4mt jm Jl` flrrldlrm evmf pausnmurs vlautnl`s

slfnteams mt n`stntutnl``maams 9un cer9um`t avlautnl` jms cnssnl`s jessnste`fm !

ce"trnsm jluvreim=

Jm ae cetrnsm j'luvreim pudanqum ? i`reants

Am ce"trm jm aluvreim pudanf mst ae pmrsl``m clream ===W plur ae9umaam aluvreim

mst fl`strunt Y smal` ae aln %l`jecm`team 9un rint ams repplrts m`trm ce"trnsm jluvreim mt

ce"trnsm jlmuvrm plur ams cerfks pudanfs %re`?ens # ae aln sur ae ce"trnsm jluvreim

pudan9um Ojntm aln C86 YB ju * 4unaamt ID rmaetnvm ! ae ce"trnsm jluvreim pudan9um mt

! sms repplrts evmf ae ce"trnsm jlmuvrm prnvm= Eussn j`lcc flcce`jntenrm Y, am

Fljm jms cerfks pudanfs peram, jmpuns ae tre`splsntnl` jms jnrmftnvms murlpm``ms, jm

pluvlnr ej4ujnfetmur Y plur jsni`mr am ce"trm jm aluvreim= Vl`t slucns eu Fljm jms

cerfks pudanfs #

AMtet mt sms smrvnfms jfl`fm`trs [

Ams flaamftnvnts tmrrntlrneams mt am`smcdam jms tedanssmcm`ts pudanf jm

fllpretnl` n`tmrflccu`eam OM6F(B [

Ams tedanssmcm`ts pudanfs ! fereft&rm ejcn`nstretn% OM6EB [

Ams tedanssmcm`ts jm se`t mt ams tedanssmcm`ts pudanfs slfneu' [

Ams tedanssmcm`ts jm am`smni`mcm`t suprnmur mt jm ae rmfkmrfkm [

Ams eftmurs ju alimcm`t slfnea [

Ams lrie`nscms fl`suaenrms OFkecdrms jm flccmrfm mt jn`justrnm, Fkecdrms jms

ctnmrs, mtf=B=

6lur tlut prl4mt, am ainsaetmur ncplsm eu pluvlnr ej4ujnfetmur jm strm essur jm ae

%ensednant mt jm alpplrtu nt jm alpretnl` m`vnseim, jm` jtmrcn`mr ae alfeansetnl ,

jm` j%n nr am prlireccm, jm` errtmr am`vmalppm %n`e`fn&rm prvnsnl``maam, jm`

essurmr am %n`e`fmcm`t, jm fklnsnr am prlfmssus smal` am9uma aluvreim smre reans mt jm

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fl`faurm, evmf ams ce"trms j^uvrm mt m`trmprm`murs 9una fklnsnt, ams fl`trets e$e`t plur

ld4mt ams tujms mt am'futnl` jms treveu' Y*= Vm ae`fmr je`s u`m lpretnl` jm

fl`struftnl` lu jm r`lvetnl` ncpan9um jl`f, plur am ce"trm j3luvreim, jm cldnansmr jms

flcptm`fms vernms, eaae`t jm ae prlireccetnl` ! afl`lcnm jm a3lpretnl`, m`pesse`t per jm slanjms ef9uns 4urnjn9ums mt tmfk`n9ums= Eu f^ur jm fms fl`snjretnl`s, ae

j%n`ntnl` ju prlireccm mst %l`jecm`team plur fl`strunrm u` prl4mt slanjm, supplrt

plur ae prljuftnl` n`tmaamftumaam jm a39unpm jm ce"trnsm j3^uvrm m` ej9uetnl` evmf ams

ettm`tms ju flcce`jntenrm=

Jm a'essnste`fm cetrnsm j'luvreim ? rmprms riamcm`tenrms mt mssens tmrcn`lalinqums

M` %l`ftnl` jms fepefnts tmfk`n9ums, prlireccetn9ums, ejcn nstretnvms,

fl`lcn9ums lu kucen`ms, ju jmir j3m'pmrtnsm jl`t am ce"trm j_luvreim jnsplsm eu

smn` jm sl` n`stntutnl`, lu smal` alrie`nsetnl` ejeptm m` n`tmr`m, na plurre s3ejrmssmr !

u` lu pausnmurs prmstetenrms m'tmr`ms essnste`ts! ce"trnsm j3luvreim plur am smfl`jmr

je`s tlut lu pertnm jms pkesms j3u`m lpretnl` je`s ae9umaam maam mst `l`sefke`tm=

Fmttm essnste`fm `mst pes ldanietlnrm cens maam mst suiirm je`s ae aln C86 # Am

ce"trm jm aluvreim pmut rmflurnr ! an`tmrvm`tnl` ju` fl`juftmur jlpretnl` plur u`m

essnste`fm i`ream ! fereft&rm ejcn`nstretn%, %n`e`fnmr mt tmfk`n9um= Y.= Ae aln C86

e4lutm 9um ae cnssnl` jm fl`juntm jlpretnl` mst m'fausnvm jm tlutm cnssnl` jm ce"trnsm

jlmuvrm= Zlutm%lns, na eppere"t 9um fmttm cnssnl` mst eu4lurjkun faetm eu smn` ju`m

c$rnejm jm flcptm`fms spfneansms Of%= Vmfl`j fkepntrm, ((B= Je`s u` prmcnmr tmcps,

n`tmrsmssnl`s`lus ! ae jnstn`ftnl` m`trm fl`juftmur jlpretnl` mt essnste`t ! ce"trnsm

jluvreim spfneans=

4 Aln ` !"#$% ju & ounaamt &(! rmaetnvm ae cetrnsm j'luvreim pudanqum mt sms repplrts evmf aecetrnsm j'lmuvrm prnvm, ertnfam *, m` ani`m # kttp#XXUUU=amin%re`fm=iluv=%rXe%%nfkZm'tm=jlfnjZm'tmAM:(ZMRZ+++++

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M` *++

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ec`eimcm`t OV26EEB= Ams eutmurms ju :unjm jm aEC8, rmp&rms mt tmrcn`lalinm Y,

)eteanm Nl``mvnjm mt 0rl`n9um Fmaanmr, e4lutm`t 9um plur ams cnssnl`s jessnste`fm

spfneansm, trlns jlcen`ms sm jnstn`ium`t #

Am jlcen`m tmfk`n9um Ofl`lcnm jms prl4mts, stretinm m`vnrl``mcm`team,n`i`nmrnm, mtf=B

Am jlcen`m ejcn`nstretn% mt 4urnjn9um Ocl`teim jms fl`suatetnl`s, imstnl` jms

prlfjurms, fl`trets, lpretnl`s jm flccu`nfetnl`, fl`tm`tnmu', mtf=B

Am jlcen`m %n`e`fnmr Ocl`teim %n`e`fnmr, imstnl` jms dujimts, mtf=B

)ltl`s 9um pausnmurs jm fms cnssnl`s spfneansms sm repprlfkm`t jm fmaams jms durmeu'

jtujms tmfk`n9ums jl`t `lus peramrl`s je`s am pln`t sunve`t=

En`sn, slus ae j`lcn`etnl` sn`iuan&rm j3essnste`fm cetrnsm j)luvreim lu EC8 sm

fefkm u`m paureant jm spfneants jl`t am fl`tm`u jms cnssnl`s mt jms jn%%rm`tms

flcptm`fms ! cldnansmr sl t jnrmftmcm`t m` rmaetnl` evmf ae `eturm jms dmsln`s

m'prncs per am pluvlnr ej4ujnfetmur= M` m%%mt, smal` am t$pm jm cnssnl`, a3essnste`t !

ce"trnsm j3luvreim n`tmrvnm`t pl`ftumaamcm`t Oessnste`fm spfneansmB, am paus sluvm`t m`

ecl`t ju prl4mt OprlireccnstmB cens pes m'fausnvmcm t Oessnste`fm 4urnjn9um,

flccu`nfetnl`, mtf=B [ na pmut ieamcm`t essnstmr am ce"trm j3luvreim pm`je`t tlut am

tmcps ju prl4mt Oessnste`fm i`reamB vlnrm pnaltmr am prl4mt je`s sl` m`smcdam, fm

jmr`nmr smre ealrs fl`snjrmr flccm fl`juftmur jlpretnl`= M`%n`, na mst ncplrte`t jm

`ltmr 9um am ce"trm jluvreim pmut jfnjmr jm sesslfnmr ams smrvnfms jm pausnmurs

eim`fms jessnste`fm ! ce"trnsm jluvreim, m` %l`ftnl` jm amurs spfneants=

6rfnsl`s %n`eamcm`t 9um aessnste`fm ! ce"trnsm jluvreim `m jlnt pes trm fl`%l`jum

evmf ae ce"trnsm jluvreim jaium OC8JB= Je`s fm jmr`nmr fes, je`s ae ancntm ju

prlireccm mt jm am`vmalppm %n`e`fn&rm prvnsnl``maam 9um am ce"trm jluvreim e errt,

na pmut jaiumr ! u` tnmrs am'mrfnfm m` sl` `lc mt plur sl` flcptm, jm tlut lu pertnm

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jms ettrndutnl`s riamcm`tenrms 9un aun n`flcdm Osni`eturm jms cerfks, vmrsmcm`t jm ae

rcu`retnl` jm ae cnssnl` jm ce"trnsm jlmuvrm mt jms treveu', mtf=B= Am ce`jet sm

jnstn`ium jm ae fl`juntm jlpretnl` je`s ae cmsurm lQ na fl`stntum u`m vrntedam

jaietnl` jm ce"trnsm jluvreim O:rmanmr S$fPl%%, *+, p= .

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sl` 9unpm m` %l`ftnl` jms flcptm`fms j%n nms per am pluvlnr ej4ujnfetmur=

M'mcpams # u` fl`lcnstm jm ae fl`struftnl`, u` n`i nmur 1eutm /ueant

M`vnrl``mcm`team, u` tkmrcnfnm` lu m`flrm u` eflustnfnm`= Eute`t jm spfneants 9um am

ce"trm jluvreim pmut ieamcm`t slaanfntmr plur aenjmr ! cnmu' j%n`nr sl` prl4mt mttl%%mr sl` prlireccm= M` jeutrms tmrcms, alrs9uu` spfneanstm trevenaam eu smn` ju`m

9unpm jm ce"trnsm jlmuvrm, fmst u` durmeu jtujm tmfk`n9um te`jns 9um alrs9una mst

cnssnl`` per am pluvlnr ej4ujnfetmur, fmst u` fl`suate`t spfneans essnste`t ! ce"trnsm

jluvreim=

/un mst jl`f aessnste`t ! ce"trnsm jluvreim ]` i`reanstm ]` spfneanstm ]`

i`reanstm spfneans 6muttrm= ]` spfneanstm fepedam jm i`reansmr Ve`s jlutm=

/umaams sl`t ams %rl`tn&rms jm se prl%mssnl` /uma mst sl` rGam eu smn` ju prl4mt

Eute`t jm 9umstnl`s eu'9umaams, eu flurs jm fmttm tujm, `lus tfkmrl`s jm jcamr ams

tm`e`ts mt ams edlutnsse`ts plur epplrtmr u` prmcnmr faenreim=

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6rmcnmr fkepntrm55

Tmierjs frlnss sur aessnste`fm !ce"trnsm jluvreim

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(= Am rmierj jm ae ce"trnsm jluvreim

Epr&s u`m prmcn&rm epprlfkm tmfk`n9um jms ctnmrs ans ! aessnste`fm ! ce"trnsm

jluvreim m` n`trljuftnl`, n`trmssl`s`lus cen`tm`e`t, je`s u` prmcnmr tmcps, eu'

rensl`s plur ams9umaams am ce"trm jluvreim settefkm ams flcptm`fms ju` EC8 mt,

je`s u` smfl`j tmcps, eu' vm`tumaams ettm`tms ju ce"trm jlmuvrm=

Am repplrt essnste`fm ! ce"trnsm jluvreim - ce"trnsm jluvreim # 9umas m`4mu'

= Jms m`4mu' rmfl``us===

)lus evl`s vu 9um alrs9um am ce"trm jm aluvreim `m jnsplsent pes jms

flcptm`fms tmfk`n9ums, fl`lcn9ums lu m`flrm ejcn`nstretnvms `fmssenrms je`s sms

prlprms smrvnfms plur am dl` jrluamcm`t jm sl` prl4mt, aessnste`t ! ce"trnsm jluvreim

cmttent ! se jnsplsntnl` sms flcptm`fms mt sl` m'prnm`fm je`s ams jlcen`ms plur

ams9umas na e t cnssnl``= Fm %ense`t, aEC8, and&rm am ce"trm jluvreim jm am'futnl`jms tfkms plur ams9umaams na `mst pes flcptm`t, aun pmrcmtte`t en`sn jm sm fl`fm`trmr

sur amssm`tnma jm se cnssnl`, ! sevlnr fklnsnr mt jfnjmr=

J&s ams tujms prlpretnl``maams 4uime`t jm ae %ensednant ju prl4mt mt m` %l`ftnl` jms

jfnsnl`s plantn9ums, aEC8 enjm am ce"trm jluvreim ! epprl%l`jnr ams r%am'nl`s

preaedams ! ae prnsm jm jfnsnl` 9ue`t ! alpplrtu`nt jm alpretnl`= Jm fms r%am'nl`s,edlutnre - sn ae jfnsnl` plantn9um jm %enrm mst eftm - am jlfucm`t prlireccetn9um jm

alpretnl`= Vn fm jlfucm`t, 9un fl`stntum ae desm jm trevena ju ce"trm jlmuvrm, `mst

pes au`n9um slurfm jm 9ueant ju`m lpretnl`, ! an`vmrsm, aedsm`fm jm prlireccm, lu

sl` ce`9um jm 9ueant mst u`m feusm %r9um`tm mt 9uesn fmrten`m jfkmf Y, 4uim 0n`fm`t

Jmirlttm, jnrmftmur ju FE]M OFl`smna jec`eimcm`t, jurde`nscm mt

jm`vnrl``mcm`tB jm ae Alnrm Etae`tn9um je`s ae jmr`n&rm vmrsnl` ju :unjm jm ae ce"trnsm

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jluvreim pudan9um= 6ercn ams tfkms ncplsms per am ainsaetmur eu ce"trm jluvreim, ae

9umstnl` ju prlireccm mst pertnfuan&rmcm`t %lunaam # Am ce"trm jm aluvreim j%n`nt

je`s am prlireccm ams ld4mftn%s jm alpretnl` mt ams dmsln`s 9umaam jlnt setns%enrm en`sn

9um ams fl`tren`tms mt m'nim`fms jm 9ueant slfneam, urde`nstn9um, erfkntmftuream,%l`ftnl``maam, tmfk`n9um mt fl`lcn9um, jn`smrtnl` je`s am pe$seim mt jm prltmftnl` jm

am`vnrl``mcm`t, rmaetnvms ! ae reansetnl` mt ! autnansetnl` jm aluvreim Y OAln C86, ertnfam

*B=

M` *++I, ae Cnssnl` n`tmrcn`nstrnmaam plur ae 9ueant jms fl`struftnl`s pudan9ums e pudan

u` jlfucm`t jm sm`sndnansetnl` ! ae prlireccetnl` je`s am dut jm %enrm jfluvrnr

a3n`trt jm ae prlireccetnl` mt s3m`ieimr je`s ae jcerfkm Y= Ams eutmurs ju

jlfucm`t, )etkeanm Nl``mvnjm mt 2e``nfP :unaanmu', jrmssm`t u`m anstm jm sn' e'ms

fkerims jnaaustrmr tlut an`trt ju trevena prlireccetn9um #

Teansmr u` luvreim rmspmftumu' jm a3useim ! smrvnr [

Ce"trnsmr ams jurms m` 4mu je`s am prl4mt [

Ce"trnsmr ams jpm`sms ! m`ieimr [

Teansmr u` luvreim 9un fl`trndum ! ae 9ueant ju fejrm jm vnm [

Teansmr u` luvreim 9un fl`trndum ! ae 9ueant jm a3m`vnrl``mcm`t [

Teansmr u` luvreim \%efnamh ! m'palntmr mt cen`tm`nr=

Jm fmttm vnsnl` vmrtumusm mt `lrceansetrnfm jm ae prlireccetnl`, sm jieim jms

fl`snjretnl`s %r9umccm`t %lrcuams per ae ce"trnsm jluvreim tmaams ae ce"trnsm jms

flts mt ae %efnantmr jm`trmtnm`= Eujma! jms e'ms prfjmccm`t fnts, jeutrms m`4mu',

paus fl`%njm`tnmas, sm jieim`t jm ae rmaetnl`s essnste t ! ce"trnsm jluvreim - ce"trnsm

jluvreim=

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*= eu' m`4mu' lffuats

Aldsmrvetnl` jms pretn9ums mt ae amfturm jm ae anttreturm spfneansm `lus epprm`j

9um ams tujms jurde`nscm m` >re`fm sl`t m` fl`ste`tm euicm`tetnl` jmpuns am jdutjms e``ms K+, `lteccm`t ju %ent jm ae jfm`treansetnl` mt ju`m prnsm jm fl`sfnm`fm

jm ae `fmssnt jm prltimr mt jm cmttrm m` veamur am`vnrl``mcm`t O6rmvlt, Amfamrf9,

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prnlrntenrm= Fmst nfn 9um ams flcptm`fms jms eim`fms jessnste`fm ! ce"trnsm jluvreim

pmuvm`t sevrmr plantn9umcm`t tr&s utnam= M` m%%mt, je`s am dut jessurmr ae flksnl` -

per%lns %reinam - jms m`smcdams ejcn`nstretn%s n`tmrflccu`eu', sm rns9umr ! eve`teimr

tmaam lu tmaam flccu`m per repplrt ! u`m eutrm pmut sevrmr ncprujm`t= Eussn, ae`fmr mtslutm`nr %n`e`fn&rmcm`t ams tujms prlpretnl``maams plur fke9um prl4mt pmut sevrmr

setns%ense`t plur ams aus alfeu' puns9um ae j$`ecn9um mst m`ieim mt enscm`t

jn%%usedam eupr&s jms ejcn`nstrs= Afumna tnm`t nfn jm an`strucm`teansetnl` jms tujms mt

per vlnm jm fl`s9um`fm jms EC8=

Alrs9una `mst pes n`strucm teans, ae plsntnl` sn`iuan&rm jm aessnste`t ! ce"trnsm

jluvreim pmut aecm`mr ! trm flcpanfm jm fmrten`ms pretn9ums= M` repplrt jnrmft evmf

ae ce"trnsm jluvreim ju`m pert mt a9unpm jm ce"trnsm jlmuvrm jeutrm pert, am jludam

repplrt plantnfltmfk`n9um jm ae prl%mssnl` sm vmut trm u`m slurfm j9unandrm mt

jlptncnsetnl` jm alpretnl`= Zlutm%lns, je`s ae cmsurm lQ jk$pltktn9ums ien s

O%n`e`fnmrs, plantn9ums, mtf=B sl`t ! msprmr, u` repplrt al n` pmut sm`ieimr eu

jtrncm t ju`m jms pertnms= AEC8 ceakl``tm pmut ealrs trm flcpanfm jm

ce`nie`fms vnse`t ! ncplsmr tmaam lu tmaam jfnsnl` ! ae ce"trnsm jluvreim lu dnm` ! au`

jms cmcdrms jm ae ce"trnsm jlmuvrm=

]` eutrm pln`t pmut m'pan9umr ae fl`vlfetnl` jms prmstetnl`s jms eim`fms jessnste`fm !

ce"trnsm jluvreim per ams pluvlnrs ej4ujnfetmurs # am %n`e`fmcm`t= M` m%%mt, fmrten`ms

enjms pudan9ums OVmfl`j fkepntrm, ((, .=*B sl`t fl`jntnl``ms per a3m'futnl` jtujms

spfn%n9ums jmstn`ms ! prluvmr ancpanfetnl` jms ce"trms jluvreim pudanfs sur fmrten`ms

jnsplsntnl`s tmfk`n9ums Ofl`struftnl` 1/M, prl%na /MN, mtf=B lu slfnlfl`lcn9ums

Omcpaln alfea, n`smrtnl` slfneamB= Jms flcptm`fms jenaamurs sluvm`t m` repplrt evmf ams

ire`jms prnlrnts e%%nfkms per a3m'futn% Ojvmalppmcm`t juredam, mcpaln, mtf=B=

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((= Am rmierj ju ce"trm jlmuvrm

Epr&s u`m prmcn&rm epprlfkm jm aessnste`fm ! ce"trnsm jluvreim ! trevmrs am

rmierj ju flcce`jntenrm, n`trmssl`s`lus cen`tm`e`t eu' repplrts m`trm aEC8 mt

a9unpm ce"trm jlmuvrm jm alpretnl`=

Am repplrt essnste`fm ! ce"trnsm jluvreim - ce"trnsm jlmuvrm # 9umas m`4mu'

Am repplrt plantn9um jm aEC8 evmf am ce"trm jm aluvreim sm jnssnpm - se`s trm lffuat

- eu prl%nt ju` repplrt paus tmfk`n9um evmf am ce"trm jlmuvrm= ]` tlut eutrm repplrt

stedan m`trm ams jmu' pertns= Ze`jns 9um aessnste`t ! ce"trnsm jluvreim mst fl`vl9u

per am pluvlnr ej4ujnfetmur mt an fl`treftumaamcm`t evmf fm jmr`nmr, a9unpm jm ce"trnsm

jlmuvrm jlnt effmptmr mt flcplsmr evmf se prsm`fm eu smn` ju prl4mt= Eussn, fmst m`

prmcnmr anmu am ce"trm jluvreim 9un tnrm pertn jm se prsm`fm [ am ce"trm jlmuvrm aun

sejeptm ! sms n`tmralfutmurs mt rpl`j eu prlireccm= )e`cln`s, ae prsm`fm ju`

EC8 pmut sevrmr lpplrtu`m plur a9unpm jm ce"trnsm jlmuvrm=

= Jms epplrts jm ae cnssnl` jessnste`fm===

Zlut jedlrj, aessnste t ! ce"trnsm jluvreim pmrcmt ! a9unpm jm ce"trnsm

jlmuvrm jm iei`mr ju tmcps= M` m%%mt, na fl``ent ae `eturm ju trevena jms eftmurs ju

prl4mt mt pmut 4uimr ju trevena jms u`s mt jms eutrms= (`tir eu prl4mt, se prsm`fmlptncnsm am cl`teim jm alpretnl`=

M`suntm, aEC8 pmrcmt jm %efnantmr ae fl`juntm ju`m lpretnl` irfm ! sms

fl``ensse`fms riamcm`tenrms ju`m pert Ofkln' ejept jm ae prlfjurm jm pessetnl` jm

cerfk, rmspmft jms prlfjurms mt jms jaens jn`struftnl`, mtf=B mt tmfk`n9ums jeutrm

pert Ofl`smnas sur a3ejeptednant tmfk`n9um lu %n`e`fn&rm jm tma lu tma slukent ju ce"trm

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jluvreim, jn%%rm`tnma flt jm alpretnl`Xtreveu', mtf=B= M` te`t 9um iere`t jm ae

fl %lrcnt m`trm am prl4mt prlpls mt ams dmsln`s ju flcce`jntenrm, aEC8 pmut

rmfejrmr a9unpm jm ce"trnsm jlmuvrm 9un eurent jvn am sm`s prmcnmr ju prl4mt= M` fes

jm repplrt jm %lrfm cer9u m`trm am ce"trm jluvreim mt a9unpm jm fl`fmptnl`, aEC8pmut, smal` sms cnssnl`s, pefn%nmr ams rmaetnl`s m` e4uste`t mt m` flcplse`t evmf ams jmu'

jncm`snl`s, plantn9um mt tmfk`n9um, m` eftnl` eu smn` ju` prl4mt pudanf=

M`%n , aessnste`fm ! ce"trnsm jluvreim essurm ! ae %lns u` slutnm , `lteccm`t

riamcm`tenrm, eu' jfnjmurs 9un `m ce"trnsm`t pes ae jcerfkm jm prl4mt m` n`tmr`m mt

epplrtm se sm`sndnant urden`m mt erfkntmftuream eu smrvnfm ju prl4mt= En`sn, ae prsm`fm

ju` EC8 pmut sevrmr ressure`tm, m` ecl`t jm an`tmrvm tnl` jm a9unpm jm ce"trnsm

jlmuvrm=

*= eu' fl`tren`tms slus4efm`tms

Fmrten`s m`4mu' sl`t slus4efm`ts mt flcplsm`t ams ancntms jm ae prsm`fm ju`

essnste`t ! ce"trnsm jluvreim eu smn` ju` prl4mt= En`sn, eu smn` jm aeim`fm Jecnm`

Vurrlfe Erfkntmftms OJVEB, l` `ltm pausnmurs fl`tren`tms ! ae fl`vlfetnl` ju` EC8 per

am pluvlnr ej4ujnfetmur=

Ae reftnvnt jlnt trm au`m jms prn`fnpeams 9ueant ju` EC8 pln`tm C= Vurrlfe,

rmspl`sedam jm aeim`fm JVE= M` 9ueant jn`tmralfutmur prnvnain plur ae ce"trnsm

jlmuvrm, na jlnt repnjmcm`t rpl`jrm eu' n`tmrrlietnl`s sluamvms per a9unpm jm

fl`fmptnl` lu, ! j%eut, jn%%usmr ams n`%lrcetnl`s - 9umstnl`s, reftnl`s, rpl`sms - 9un

aun sl`t prsm`tms= M` fes jm ceuvensm tre`scnssnl`, aEC8 pn&im am prl4mt mt dal9um

sl` eve`fmcm`t= Ve plsntnl` jn`tmrcjnenrm mst ealrs 4uim n`utnam vlnrm jlcceimedam=

Jm sl` fGt, C= Jmra$, erfkntmftm fkm JVE, `ltm u`m fmrten`m fl`%usnl` je`s ams

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eim`fms 9un cuatnpanm`t ams flcptm`fms= En`sn, aEC8 pmrjrent jm sl` n`trt alrs9um

sms eftnvnts mcpn&tm`t sur ams eutrms ctnmrs [ tlut am prl4mt m` ptnrent= Eussn, alrs9um

aEC8 `e 9uu`m cnssnl` jm fl`trGam - pm`je`t ae pkesm treveu' per m'mcpam -, na pmut

ream`tnr ae prnsm jm jfnsnl` m` flurtfnrfunte`t am %au' jn`%lrcetnl`s= C= Vurrlfe e4lutm9um ams EC8 sl`t sluvm`t jms e`fnm`s prl%mssnl``mas jm durmeu' jtujms evmf u`m

vnsnl` pautGt tmfk`n9um jms fklsms Y= Vm`sndams ! fmrten`ms pretn9ums mt lpplss per

`eturm ! jeutrms, nas pmuvm`t n`%aum`fmr u`m 9unpm jm ce"trnsm jluvreim `l`sefke`tm=

M`%n`, ams erfkntmftms jm aeim`fm `ltm`t 9um ae pmrsl``eant jm aEC8 mst sni`n%nfetnvm

je`s ae `eturm jms rmaetnl`s mt jms fl`tefts 9unas fke`imrl`t=

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Vmfl`j fkepntrm

55

Aessnste`fm ! ce"trnsm jluvreim

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(= Tmp&rms fkrl`lalin9ums mt riamcm`tenrms

Vna mst n`trmsse`t jtujnmr am rGam jm aessnste`fm ! ce"trnsm jluvreim ! trevmrs

sms prn`fnpeu' n`tmralfutmurs, etterjl`s`lus cen`tm`e`t sur ae prl%mssnl`= Epr&s u`

flurt prfns knstlrn9um mt riamcm`tenrm mt u`m s$`tk&sm jms prlfjurms jm pessetnl` jm

cerfks pudanfs eppanfedams eu' cnssnl`s jEC8, `lus e`ea$smrl`s ae paureant jms

cnssnl`s jEC8 mt cmttrl`s m` aucn&rm amurs prnljms jn`tmrvm`tnl`= )lus %n`nrl`s per

ldsmrvmr am cerfk %re`?ens jm a3essnste`fm ! ce"trnsm jluvreim=

= :m`&sm jm ae prl%mssnl` # prfnsnl`s knstlrn9ums mt riamcm`tenrms

==ae jncn`utnl` prlirmssnvm ju r*am jm a'+tet

Ae prl%mssnl` jessnste`t ! ce"trnsm jluvreim trluvm sms lrnin`ms je`s ae

ire`jm trejntnl` %re`?ensm jm an`i`nmrnm pudan9um= Je`s sl` repplrt reans m` *++ eu

`lc jm ae Jaietnl` eu' flaamftnvnts tmrrntlrneams, C= Jeujni`$, s`etmur slfneanstm jmaEns`m, reppma 9um an i`nmrnm rmfluvrm am`smcdam jms pae`s mt jms tujms 9un

pmrcmttm`t jm jtmrcn`mr, plur ae reansetnl` ju` luvreim lu ju` prl4mt

jn`vmstnssmcm`t, ams tm`je`fms ams paus slukentedams, ams cljeants jm fl`fmptnl` ams

cmnaamurms, ams fl`jntnl`s jm rm`tednant lptnceams, ams cetrnmas mt ams prlfjs ams paus

ejepts Y= 6kesm mssm tnmaam jm aeftm jm fl`strunrm, an i`nmrnm mst jntm pudan9um

alrs9umaam mst reansm per u`m n`stntutnl` pudan9um= Fl`fr&tmcm`t, plursunt C=Jeujni`$, an`i`nmrnm pudan9um rmirlupm am fkecp jm ae ce"trnsm jluvreim Oessnste`fm

! ce"trnsm jluvreim, fl`smna m` ecl`t, fl`juntm jlpretnl`sB, am fkecp jms tujms

i`reams Ojnei`lstnf, e`ea$sm, jmssn`sB, plur eaamr 4us9u! ae ce"trnsm jlmuvrm Ojnrmftnl`

jm ae ce"trnsm jlmuvrm, fl`juntm jms fke`tnmrs, reansetnl` jms treveu', fl`trGam jm

am'futnl` jms treveu'B= Y

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A3essnste`fm ! ce"trnsm jluvreim %ent jl`f pertnm jm ae spk&rm jms prmstetnl`s jm

an`i`nmrnm pudan9um [ prmstetnl`s eutrm%lns m'mrfms jm %e?l` 9uesncm`t kicl`n9um

per aMtet per am dnens jm fl`vm`tnl`s m`trm sms smrvnfms mt ams tedanssmcm`ts pudanfs

jfm`treanss= M` m%%mt, eu tmrcm ju`m al`ium pessm ainsaetnvm, 9un fuacn`mre evmf ae alnju jfmcdrm *++ plrte`t cmsurms urim`tms jm r%lrcms ! fereft&rm fl`lcn9um

mt %n`e`fnmr Y Oaln jntm C]TFM>B, am fkecp jn`tmrvm`tnl` jm an`i`nmrnm pudan9um en`sn

9um ams cljeants jn`tmrvm`tnl` jms smrvnfms jm aMtet l`t t prl%l`jcm`t rvnss=

Jslrcens, ams prmstetnl`s jn i`nmrnm pudan9um jlnvm t trm reansms je`s ams

fl`jntnl`s prvums per am fljm jms cerfks pudanfs YH, m` jeutrms tmrcms, ams

prmstetnl`s jn`i`nmrnm pudan9um m`tre`t je`s am fkecp fl`furrm`tnma l`t t slucnsms

eu fljm jms cerfks pudanfs= Maams `m pmuvm`t jl`f paus %enrm ald4mt ju`m fl`vm`tnl`

evmf ams flaamftnvnts tmrrntlrneams= Y O7eranmr, *+*B= E pertnr jm *++, ams cnssnl`s

jessnste`fm ! ce"trnsm jluvreim pudan9um sl`t jl`f ldanietlnrmcm`t pessms smal` ams

prlfjurms jnftms per am Fljm jms cerfks pudanfs Of%= 6rmcnmr fkepntrm, (, *B cmtte`t

en`sn je`s ams ccms fl`jntnl`s jm fl`furrm`fm ams smrvnfms jm aMtet mt ams prmstetenrms

prnvs=

Je`s am ccm tmcps, fmrten`s smrvnfms jfl`fm`trs jm aMtet tmas 9um ams Jnrmftnl`s

jpertmcm teams jm a;9unpmcm`t OJJMB l t pmu ! pmu rjunt amurs eftnvnts,

druteamcm`t lu prlirmssnvmcm`t Y OEujlun`, *++I, p= ZMRZ++++++***, fl`suat am *K cers *+.=

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j3tujms paurnjnsfnpan`enrms spfneanss je`s a3kedntet Otujms 861, 66E]6, 6A1, mtf=B

mtXlu sur a3m`vnrl``mcm`t Otujms j3ncpeftB Y OEujlun`, *++I, pp= < - KB= Fmttm anstm `m

smrent pes flcpa&tm se`s e4lutmr ams strufturms perepudan9ums tmaams 9um ams slfnts

jfl`lcnm cn'tm lu, je`s u`m cln`jrm cmsurm, ams fm`trms n`tmrjpertmcm`teu' jmimstnl` 9un essurm`t jms cnssnl`s jessnste`fm e`ealiums ! fmaams pretn9ums per ams

eim`fms prnvms=

=*=ae sm`sndnansetnl` eu7 cnssnl`s j'essnste`fm

E pertnr jms e``ms K+, aessnste`fm ! ce"trnsm jluvreim - m`tm`jum eu

sm`s prlprm jessnste`fm i`ream - sm `lrceansm je`s am smftmur pudanf per am dnens

`lteccm`t ju jfrmt ju *I %vrnmr K. rmaetn% eu' fl`jntnl`s jm rcu`retnl` jms

cnssnl`s jn i`nmrnm mt jerfkntmfturm rmcpanms plur am flcptm jms flaamftnvnts

pudan9ums per jms prmstetenrms jm jrlnt prnv= E ae suntm jm fm tm'tm, sl`t riamcm`tms,

ams fl`jntnl`s jm rcu`retnl` jms fl`trets e$e`t plur ld4mt #

6lur ams 9unpmcm`ts, jepplrtmr eu ce"trm jluvreim #

slnt u` fl`flurs plur amur prlireccetnl` mt amur j%n`ntnl` [

slnt jms tujms jm fl`fmptnl` m` %lrcm jeve`tprl4mts mt jm prl4mts, en`sn 9um

jms prmstetnl`s jessnste`fm W=

6lur am %l`ftnl``mcm`t jms smrvnfms, jepplrtmr am fl`flurs jm'pmrts lu u`m enjm slus

%lrcm jm fl`smna mt jessnste`fm YD=

M`suntm, am ainsaetmur, per am dnens jm ae aln C86 jm ID mt sms jfrmts jeppanfetnl` jm

., e 4urnjn9umcm`t rmspl`sednans ams ce"trms jluvreim sur ae `fmssnt jm

jtmrcn`mr pausnmurs pln ts %l`jecm`teu' jm alpretnl` prl4mtm # %ensednant mt

= Jfrmt `#9"$# ju /vrnmr &(#9 rmaetn/ eu7 fl`jntnl`s jm rcu`retnl` jms cnssnl`s j'n`i`nmrnm mtj'erfkntmfturm rmcpanms plur am flcptm jms flaamftnvnts pudanqums per jms prmstetenrms jm jrlnt prnv,ertnfam , m` ani`m #kttp#XXUUU=amin%re`fm=iluv=%rXe%%nfkZm'tm=jl[4smssnl`nj+++.M*.+ME*F.+.IK+*J.H=tpj4l+

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lpplrtu`nt, alfeansetnl`, prlireccetnl`, %n`e`fmcm`ts mt cljm jm fl`suatetnl` ju

ce"trm jlmuvrm mt jms m`trmprnsms= Eute`t jm cnssnl`s eu'9umaams am ainsaetmur suii&rm

jm sm %enrm essnstmr per jms pmrsl``ms flcptm`tms= En`sn, m` amur ncplse`t jm

jtmrcn`mr faenrmcm`t pausnmurs tfkms prlpretnl``maams, am ainsaetmur e fr amsfl`jntnl`s %evlredams ! acmrim`fm jms ctnmrs jessnste`fm ! ce"trnsm jluvreim, eu

prmcnmr re`i jms9umas ams prlireccnstms= JlQ anjm`tn%nfetnl` jm ae prlireccetnl`

flccm jncm`snl` spfn%n9um ju prlfmssus jm prl4mt, %lrtmcm`t jnsslfn ju trevena jm

fl`fmptnl` OEaamirmt, Cmrfnmr, mtaelunAmimr, *++D, p= DB= Je`s fms fl`jntnl`s, jm

`lcdrmu' prl%mssnl``mas l`t sensn alpplrtu`nt l%%mrtm per am ainsaetmur plur sm

plsntnl``mr sur fms `luvmeu' cerfks=

*= Ams prlfjurms jm pessetnl` jm cerfk jms cnssnl`s jessnste`fm ! ce"trnsmjluvreim

Am cerfk 9um am ce"trm jluvreim pudanf ae`fmre plur settefkmr ams smrvnfms ju`

essnste`t ! ce"trnsm jluvreim mst u` cerfk jm smrvnfms, mt paus prfnscm`t u` cerfk

jm prmstetnl`s n`tmaamftumaams= (a seint ju` cerfk pudanf 9un rma&vm jm aertnfam * ju

Fljm jms cerfks pudanfs # Vl`t slucns, m` fm 9un fl`fmr`m amur pessetnl`, W ams

cerfks pudanfs mt ams efflrjsfejrms e$e`t plur ld4mt ams W Vmrvnfms jerfkntmfturm [

smrvnfms jn`i`nmrnm mt smrvnfms n`tirs jn`i`nmrnm [ smrvnfms jec`eimcm`t urden`

mt jerfkntmfturm pe$sei&rm [ smrvnfms fl``m'ms jm fl`suatetnl`s sfnm`tn%n9ums mt

tmfk`n9ums [ smrvnfms jmssens mt je`ea$sms tmfk`n9ums= Y=

Am fkln' jm ae prlfjurm jm pessetnl` ju cerfk jm prmstetnl`s n`tmaamftumaams jpm`j

ju cl`te`t ccm ju cerfk= Am ce"trm jluvreim pmut rmflurnr ! ae prlfjurm ejeptm

plur fklnsnr sl` essnste`t ! ce"trnsm jluvreim, j&s alrs 9una mstncm 9um am cl`te`t

mstnc ju dmsln` mst n`%rnmur ! #

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.+ +++ 1Z plur ams cerfks jm %lur`nturms mt jm smrvnfms jm aMtet mt jm sms

tedanssmcm`ts pudanfs [

*++ +++ 1Z plur ams cerfks jm %lur`nturms mt jm smrvnfms jms flaamftnvnts

tmrrntlrneams, jms tedanssmcm`ts pudanfs jm se`t mt jms tedanssmcm`ts ju smrvnfmjm se`t jms ercms=

(a plurre ealrs j%n`nr aunccm ams fl`jntnl`s jm pessetnl` ju cerfk=

Eujma! jm fms cl`te`ts, am ce"trm jluvreim smre slucns eu' prlfjurms %lrceansms

sunve`tms # eppma jl%%rms lu prlfjurm `ilfnm=

Aeppma jl%%rms mst ae prlfjurm per ae9umaam am ce"trm jluvreim fklnsnt aettrndutenrm,

se`s `ilfnetnl`, sur ae desm jm frnt&rm ld4mftn%s preaedamcm`t plrts ! ae fl``ensse`fm

jms fe`jnjets Y OFljm jms Cerfks 6udanfs, *++

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((= 6lrtrent jm aessnste`fm ! ce"trnsm jluvreim

Ae `eturm jms prmstetnl`s jms eim`fms jessnste`fm ! ce"trnsm jluvreim sl`t

jnrmftmcm`t m` rmaetnl` evmf am fl`tm`u jms cnssnl`s flcce`jms per am pluvlnrej4ujnfetmur, 9unttm ! per%lns effucuamr ams flcptm`fms mt sm rns9umr ! cuatnpanmr ams

n`tmrvm`e`ts= En`sn, smal` am t$pm jm cnssnl`, a3essnste`t ! ce"trnsm j3luvreim n`tmrvnm`jre

pl`ftumaamcm`t Oessnste`fm spfneansmB, am paus sluvm`t m` ecl`t ju prl4mt cens pes

m'fausnvmcm`t Oessnste`fm ejcn nstretnvm, flccu`nfetnl`, mtf=B [ na plurre ieamcm`t

essnstmr am ce"trm j3luvreim pm`je`t tlut am tmcps ju prl4mt Oessnste`fm i`reamB vlnrm

pnaltmr am prl4mt je`s sl` m`smcdam, fm jmr`nmr smre ealrs fl`snjrmr flccm fl`juftmur

jlpretnl`=

= 6rnljms jn`tmrvm`tnl` jm aessnste`t ! ce"trnsm jluvreim

Ju fl`ste`t preaedamcm`t tedan, na mst plssndam jm jieimr trlns prnljms

jn`tmrvm`tnl`= Ae prmcn&rm, ae pkesm prlspmftnvm, mst fereftrnsm per jms n`tmrvm`tnl`s

vnse`t ! e`ea$smr am pess mt am prsm`t plur e`tnfnpmr aevm`nr, m` ecl`t jm ae jfnsnl`

plantn9um jm %enrm= M` %l`ftnl` jm ae `eturm ju prl4mt, fms n`tmrvm`tnl`s edlutnssm`t ! ae

reansetnl` jm pausnmurs t$pms jtujms ONl``mvnjm, Fmaanmr, *+*, p= DB #

Ams tujms jm prlspmftnvm # veauetnl` jm alpplrtu`nt jm alpretnl`, tujms

slfnlfl`lcn9ums, jclirepkn9ums lu slfnlalin9ums, tujms jncpeft,

prlspmftnvm sur avlautnl` jms pretn9ums, veauetnl` jms dmsln`s, mtf=

Ams tujms jm jnei`lstnf # tujms jnjm`tn%nfetnl` jms fl`tren`tms urden`ms mt

riamcm`tenrms, jnei`lstnfs tmfk`n9ums jm dtncm`ts, e`ea$sms

m`vnrl``mcm`teams, rmamvs tlplirepkn9ums, mtf=

Ams tujms fl`lcn9ums mt %n`e`fn&rms # tujm jm ae %nsfeant anm ! alpretnl`,

cl`teims %n e`fnmrs plssndams, sudvm`tnl`s cldnansedams, veauetnl` jm

am'palntetnl`, mtf=

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Ams tujms jm prprlireccetnl` # rmfkmrfkm %l`fn&rm, jtmrcn`etnl` jms

prnlrnts anms eu' lpretnl`s 1/M, tujm jm %ensednant jncpae`tetnl`, mtf=

Fmttm prnljm jn`tmrvm`tnl` mst cer9um per an`tmrvm`tnl` pltm`tnmaam ju`m c$rnejm jmspfneanstms fepedams jm reansmr u`m n`%n`nt jm prmstetnl`s= E ae desm jm fms tujms, na

pmut $ evlnr u` EC8 i`reanstm fkeri jtujnmr ae %ensednant ju prl4mt ju pluvlnr

ej4ujnfetmur= 6lur ams dmsln`s ju prl4mt, fm i`reanstm plurre %enrm eppma ! u` lu

pausnmurs spfneanstms fkeris jepplrtmr u`m m'pmrtnsm sur jms su4mts prfns Oslfnlalium,

4urnstm, flalium, mtf=B= Vna plss&jm ams flcptm`fms m` n`tmr`m, am pluvlnr ej4ujnfetmur

`m plurre cldnansmr 9uu`m m'pmrtnsm plur jtmrcn`mr u` pln`t prfns= Jure`t fmttm

pkesm, ae jfnsnl` jm %enrm `mst pes eftm= AEC8 mst ealrs eu f^ur ju prlfmssus

plantn9um mt sms treveu' pmuvm`t n`%aum`fmr ae jfnsnl` jm %enrm mt jm `m pes %enrm=

Ae smfl`jm pkesm, ae pkesm prlireccetn9um, mst fereftrnsm per jms n`tmrvm tnl`s m`

evea jm ae jfnsnl` jm %enrm ju pluvlnr ej4ujnfetmur= Maam sm jvmalppm ! pertnr jm ae

rjeftnl` ju prlireccm 4us9ueu fkln' jm a9unpm jm ce"trnsm jlmuvrm= 6ausnmurs

cnssnl`s sm jieim`t #

Ae reansetnl` ju prlireccm jm alpretnl` # am jlfucm`t jm r%rm`fm plur ae

rpl`sm erfkntmftuream, pe$sei&rm mt tmfk`n9um jm a9unpm jm ce"trnsm

jluvreim [

Ae jtmrcn`etnl` jms smunas mt am fkln' jm ae prlfjurm jm pessetnl` jm cerfk # na

seint jmstncmr am cl`te`t jm alpretnl` plur jtmrcn`mr am cljm jm pessetnl`

ju cerfk [

Alrie`nsetnl` jm ae prlfjurm # fkln' jms 9unpms jm ce"trnsm jlmuvrm ejcnsms !

fe`jnjetmr, jtmrcn`etnl` ju `nvmeu jm rm`ju jms prmstetnl`s jms 9unpms,

cldnansetnl` ju` 4ur$, lrie`nsetnl` jms ru`nl`s, eujntnl`s pudan9ums, mtf= [

Am fkln' jm a9unpm aeuretm # jtmrcn`etnl` jm ae cmnaamurm rpl`sm eu

prlireccm, frntn9um jms pertns erfkntmftureu', %ensednant mt lpplrtu`nt jms

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slautnl`s prlplsms, mtf=

Jure`t fmttm pkesm, aEC8 jlnt fl`vl9umr jms fl``ensse`fms ! ae %lns riamcm`tenrms mt

tmfk`n9ums plur smrvnr eu cnmu' am prl4mt jm ae ce"trnsm jluvreim=

Ae trlnsn&cm mt jmr`n&rm pkesm mst ae pkesm lpretnl``maam= Maam sm jrluam jmpuns ae

cnsm m` cerfkm ju trevena jm flcplsntnl` jm a9unpm jm ce"trnsm jlmuvrm samftnl``m

plur sm tmrcn mr ! ae cnsm m` m'palntetnl` ju dtncm`t, vlnrm ccm 4us9u! ae

cen`tm`e`fm jms 9unpmcm`ts= Jure`t fmttm al`ium pkesm, ams EC8 sl`t fkeris per ae

ce"trnsm jluvreim jm sunvrm alpretnl` plur sl` flcptm= Ju fl`juftmur jlpretnl`

9un pnaltm am prl4mt jmpuns sl` flccm`fmcm`t 4us9ueu' n`i`nmurs 1/M 9un veaum

epr&s u` e` jm %l`ftnl``mcm`t ams pmr%lrce`fms ju dtncm`t, m` pesse`t per ams

fl`smnas 4urnjn9ums ju 4urnstm sur am fl`tm`tnmu' lpplse`t ae ce"trnsm jluvreim !

aerfkntmftm plur j%eut rm`je`t ncprlprm am dtncm`t ! se jmstn`etnl` epr&s ae iere`tnm

jm per%ent efk&vmcm`t, u`m %luam jm spfneanstms pmuvm`t n`tmrvm`nr eu' ir jms dmsln`s

ju flcce`jntenrm=

Fmst jure`t fmttm pkesm 9um ae jludam jncm`snl` jm aEC8 mst ae paus pmrfmptndam te`t

se plsntnl` pmut per%lns sepperm`tmr ! u`m vernedam je4ustmcm`t= Am'mcpam ju prl4mt

jm Jl` je`s am fkepntrm sunve`t naaustrm fmttm plsntnl` sn`iuan&rm jm aEC8 jure`t ae

pkesm lpretnl``maam=

Eu rmierj ju fl`stet preaedamcm`t tedan, ams cnssnl`s pltm`tnmaams jessnste`fm !

ce"trnsm j3luvreim ru`nssm`t te`t jm prl%mssnl``mas mt jm flcptm`fms 9um aessnste`fm

! ce"trnsm jluvreim pmut trm 9uean%nm jm jlcen`m jeftnvnt mt `l` jm prl%mssnl` eu'

ancntms dnm` j%n`nms=

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*= Jcerfkm jm 1eutm /ueant M`vnrl``mcm`team mt cnssnl`s jessnste`fm !ce"trnsm jluvreim

Alrs jm ae pkesm jm samftnl` jm aettrndutenrm ju cerfk jessnste`fm ! ce"trnsmjluvreim, ams fe`jnjets jlnvm t `lteccm`t rmcmttrm u`m ctkljlalinm jm amur

n`tmrvm`tnl`= Fmttm jmr`n&rm jlnt i`reamcm`t prfnsmr alrie`nsetnl` prl4mtm jm ae

cnssnl`, am feam`jrnmr prvnsnl``ma jn`tmrvm`tnl` en`sn 9uu` fkn%%reim jtenaa= Eussn,

fmrten s prl4mts fl`vl9um`t u`m ctkljlalinm pertnfuan&rm plur u`m imstnl`

sfrupuamusm jms eftnvnts= Fmst am fes jms lpretnl`s vnse`t ! rmspmftmr ams m'nim`fms jm

ae jcerfkm jm 1eutm /ueant M`vnrl``mcm`team O1/MB=

Am V$st&cm jm ce`eimcm`t m`vnrl``mcm`tea OVCMB pmrcmt j4! eu' ce"trms jluvreim

9un slukentm`t ae`fmr u`m lpretnl` 1/M jm j%n`nr u`m ctkljm ialdeam vnse`t !

veaumr, prm`jrm m` flcptm mt rjunrm ancpeft m`vnrl``mcm`tea jm sms eftnvnts= Am VCM

mst j%n`n per ae `lrcm (V8 H++ flccm ae flcplse`tm ju s$st&cm jm ce`eimcm`t

ialdea 9un n`faut ae strufturm lrie`nsetnl``maam, ams eftnvnts jm pae`n%nfetnl`, ams

rmspl`sednants, ams pretn9ums, ams prlfjurms, ams prlfjs mt ams rmsslurfms plur

aedlrmr, cmttrm m` lmuvrm, reansmr, pessmr m` rmvum mt cen tm`nr ae plantn9um

m`vnrl``mcm`team Y O(`stntut cjntmrre`m` ju dtncm`t mt jm am`vnrl``mcm`t, *++K, p=

KB= Ctkljm ialdeam, am VCM pmrcmt jlptncnsmr ae imstnl` ju` prl4mt ! trevmrs am

prnscm jm ae 9ueant m`vnrl``mcm`team=

M` *++., aEim`fm jm am`vnrl``mcm`t mt jm ae ce"trnsm jm a`mrinm OEJMCMB, cmcdrm

%l`jetmur jm aEim`fm 1/M, e ce`jet a(`stntut cjntmrre`m` ju dtncm`t mt jm

am`vnrl``mcm`t O(CNMB plur reansmr u` lutna lpretnl``ma j3enjm ! ae cnsm m` ^uvrm

eppan9u eu smftmur ju dtncm`t= An`trt plur aEJMCM mst trnpam #

6rlplsmr eu' ce"trms j3luvreims u`m prlfjurm mt jms lutnas ejepts plur

cmttrm m` lmuvrm u`m jcerfkm 1/M sur amurs lpretnl`s [

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Jtenaamr ams acm`ts ! %lur`nr per a3veau pmrcmtte`t j3njm`tn%nmr ae fl`%lrcnt,

m` vum jm ae janvre`fm j3u`m cer9um lu j3u`m fmrtn%nfetnl` jm Jcerfkm

1/M Y plur u`m lpretnl` lu plur u` lrie`nscm [

>lrceansmr am fejrm j3veauetnl` jm ae jcerfkm lpretnl``maam 1/M mt en`snfl`trGamr a3eppmaaetnl` 1/M Y j3u`m lpretnl` jm fl`struftnl`, j3ejeptetnl`

lu jm imstnl` jm dtncm`t= Y O(CNM, *++K, p= IB

Fmt lutna, deptns V$st&cm jm ce`eimcm`t j3lpretnl` OVC8B, jlnt en`sn %lur`nr u`

fejrm jm imstnl` mt jm fmrtn%nfetnl` jm ae jcerfkm 1/M spfn%n9um eu' dtncm`ts= (a

pmrcmt en`sn jm 4eal``mr am jrluamcm`t jm a3lpretnl` per jms tepmsfas 9un

pmrcmttrl`t j3edlutnr ! u`m 9ueant m`vnrl``mcm`team mt jm ce"trnsmr 9ueantetnvmcm`t

tlut am prlfmssus jm prlireccetnl`, fl`fmptnl`, reansetnl`, rtrlfmssnl` j3u`m

lpretnl`= A3n`tiretnl` ju jvmalppmcm`t juredam je`s u` prl4mt `fmssntm jms `ltnl`s

tmfk`n9ums, erfkntmftureams mt urde`nstn9ums cens ieamcm`t u`m lrie`nsetnl`= Y O6ae`

]rde`nscm Fl`struftnl` Erfkntmfturm, *++

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Cljeants j3veauetnl` jms eftnl`s jm 9ueant m`vnrl``mcm`team [

:mstnl` ialdeam jm fke`tnmr [

Nnae` jm 9ueant m`vnrl``mcm`team jm a3lpretnl`=

E `ltmr 9um ae``m'm * prsm`tm am jtena jms kunt tepms=

.= Am cerfk jm aessnste`fm ! ce"trnsm jluvreim m` >re`fm

)lus evl`s vu je`s am pln`t = ju fkepntrm ( 9um ams cnssnl`s j3essnste`fm !

ce"trnsm jluvreim l`t cmri sur am`smcdam ju tmrrntlnrm %re`?ens sunve`t u` jludam

prlfmssus jm prlcltnl` Y riamcm`tenrm mt jede`jl` paus lu cln`s prlirmssn% jms

eftmurs pudanfs - `lteccm t jms smrvnfms jfl`fm trs jm aMtet - jms eftnvnts

irefnmusms jessnste`fm ! jmstn`etnl` jms flccu`ms jmce`jmusms= Zlutm%lns, eu'

cnssnl`s jessnste`fm tmfk`n9um jms prmstetenrms jm smrvnfms pudanfs Om'mcpam # Jnrmftnl`

jpertmcm`team jms Zmrrntlnrms OJJZB, m'Jnrmftnl` jpertmcm`team jm a;9unpmcm`t

OJJMBB, sm sudstntum t jeutrms %lrcms jessnste`fm= M` m%%mt, jeutrms m tnts

jfl`fm`trms prlplsm`t amurs enjms, `l` paus `fmssenrmcm`t tmfk`n9ums cens surtlut

%n`e`fn&rms, slus %lrcm jm sudvm`tnl`s= En`sn, ! afkmaam alfeam, ams pluvlnrs pudanfs

plursunvm`t jms eftnl`s vnse`t ! prlcluvlnr ams cnssnl`s jessnste`fm, ! an`ster ju

Fl`smna i`rea ju )lrj 9um `lus tujnmrl`t fnepr&s= Je`s u` prmcnmr tmcps,

n`trmssl`s`lus eu' m`trmprnsms 9un eu4lurjkun flcplsm`t aessnste`fm ! ce"trnsm

jluvreim prnvm=

.== am cerfk /re`2ens jm a',51

Je`s u`m tujm pudanm m` *+* per am V$`jnfet jms prlireccnstms m`

erfkntmfturm mt m` ec`eimcm`t OV26EEB, ams eutmurs prlplsm`t jm jrmssmr u` repnjm

pe`lrece ju cerfk jms essnste`ts ! ce"trnsm jluvreim m` >re`fm=

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Atujm `ltm 9um smua u` pmtnt `lcdrm jm strufturms m'mrfm`t ! tntrm m'fausn% ams ctnmrs

jessnste`fm ! ce"trnsm jluvreim= Fmttm eftnvnt n`tmrvnm`t tr&s sluvm`t flccm u`

flcpacm`t jeftnvnt Y= Jm paus, ae strufturetnl` jm fms m`trmprnsms rmstm jm alrjrm jm

ae tr&s pmtntm m`trmprnsm, jl`t ae tr&s irlssm ce4lrnt jms strufturms e%%nfkm`t u` m%%mftn%jm ! * pmrsl``ms Y ONl``mvnjm, Fmaanmr, *+*, p= *B= Fms eim`fms sl`t ! cmttrm m`

pereaa&am eu' strufturms 9un cuatnpanm`t ams jlcen ms jeftnvnts plur cnmu' rsnstmr eu'

sludrmseuts ju cerfk mt tnrmr ams flts vmrs am des= )mttmcm`t paus fl`s9um`tms m`

tmrcm jm%%mftn%, fms strufturms lffupm`t u`m ire`jm pertnm ju cerfk jm cnssnl`s jm

ce"trnsm jluvreim= Am cerfk mst jl`f jn%%nfnamcm`t njm`tn%nedam, eu jtrncm`t jms

pmtntms strufturms 9un pmn`m`t ! cmttrm m` eve`t amurs flcptm`fms= ]`m jn%%nfuat 9um am

V$`jnfet jms prlireccnstms m` erfkntmfturm mt m` ec`eimcm`t tm`tm jm peaanmr evmf

aaedlretnl` ju` e``uenrm jms essnste`ts ! ce"trnsm jluvreim= Tmirlupe`t ams jl``ms

jm ae V26EE, jm ae >jretnl` jms s$`jnfets jms ctnmrs jm ae prmstetnl` n`tmaamftumaam ju

fl`smna, jm an`i`nmrnm mt ju `ucrn9um OF()80B mt jm aEsslfnetnl` jms fl`suate`ts m`

ec`eimcm`t mt jvmalppmcm t jms tmrrntlnrms OEFEJB, ae``uenrm prsm tm ams

strufturms prnvms 9un m'mrfm`t je`s ams jn%%rm`ts fkecps jm aEC8=

Ju fGt jms flcce`jntenrms, sn eufu`m tujm `m smcdam evlnr t cm`m plur

jtmrcn`mr evmf prfnsnl` ae `eturm jms strufturms fanm`tms, l` pmut e%%nrcmr se`s trlp

jeujefm 9um ams n`stntutnl`s pudan9ums fl`fm`trm`t ae ce4lrnt jms flcce`jms= 6lur

te$mr fmttm e%%nrcetnl`, prm`l`s am'mcpam ju` cerfk sncnaenrm slus jm `lcdrmu'

espmfts # ams tujms urden`ms= Vmal` atujm jm 7me` Eujlun` sur ae rcu`retnl` jms

tujms urden`ms plur ae rmvum j',rfkntmfturms, ams dujimts pudanfs jlcn`m`t tlu4lurs

jm aln` am cerfk Y OEujlun`, *++I, p= IB=

Vn am cerfk jm cnssnl`s jessnste`fm ! ce"trnsm jluvreim mst stncua per ams

flcce`jms pudan9ums, ams sudvm`tnl`s pudan9ums 4lum`t u` rGam ncplrte`t je`s fmttm

kicl`nm= (`trmssl`s`lus eu >l`j jpertmcm`tea plur a3ec`eimcm`t ju )lrj=

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.=*= am :l`j jpertmcm`tea plur a)ec`eimcm`t ju 3lrj

Am Fl`smna i`rea ju )lrj slutnm`t %n`e`fn&rmcm`t tujms mt treveu'jec`eimcm`t jms flccu`ms ju jpertmcm`t ! trevmrs am >l`j jpertmcm`tea plur

a3ec`eimcm`t ju )lrj O>JE)B= Fm jmr`nmr flcplrtm trlns vlamts jnstn`fts #

(``lvetnl` tmrrntlrneam [

:re`js prl4mts [

Ec`eimcm`t alfea=

Fmst fm jmr`nmr vlamt 9un n`trmssm pertnfuan&rmcm`t ams flccu`ms slukente`t settefkmr

ams smrvnfms ju` EC8= M` m%%mt, sunve`t ams prl4mts Oflccu`eu' lu n`tmrflccu`eu'B, am

Fl`smna i`rea %n`e`fm fmu' 9un sn`sfrnvm`t je`s u`m jms jcerfkms prlcums per am

jpertmcm t= 6ercn fmaams 9un pmrcmttm`t aeff&s eu >JE), am Fl`smna i`rea

jnstn`ium #

A3ecanlretnl` ju fejrm jm vnm [

Ae prltmftnl` mt ae vealrnsetnl` jm a3m`vnrl``mcm`t [

Aeffmssndnant jms dtncm`ts mt jms anmu' pudanfs eu' pmrsl``ms ! cldnant rjuntm

mt ae keutm 9ueant m`vnrl``mcm`team jms fl`struftnl`s pudan9ums=

Am Fl`smna i`rea prfnsm 9um 9umaam 9um slnt ae tkcetn9um edlrjm Y, ae jcerfkm

jlnt trm %l`jm sur trlns m'nim`fms # a3tujm preaedam, am pertm`ernet mt am

jvmalppmcm`t juredam YK= Eute`t jm pln`ts ! 4ustn%nmr per ams flccu`ms fe`jnjetms 9un

`m plss&jm`t pes `fmssenrmcm`t ams ctkljlalinms jeppanfetnl` m` n`tmr`m= Eute`t

jl`f jm prmstetenrms m'trnmurs prnvs ! cldnansmr=

Am >l`j jpertmcm`tea plur a3ec`eimcm`t ju )lrj %n`e`fm plur fkefu`m jms trlns

9 Fl`smna i`rea ju )lrj, A'ec`eimcm`t ju 3lrj ? Am :J,30 Am vlamt ,c`eimcm`t alfea, m` ani`m,kttp#XXam`lrj=%rX%rl`tl%%nfmXE%%nfkmErtnfam=esp'(jErdlrmsfm`fm+, fl`suat am + evrna *+.=

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http://lenord.fr/frontoffice/AfficheArticle.aspx?IdArborescence=110http://lenord.fr/frontoffice/AfficheArticle.aspx?IdArborescence=110

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tkcetn9ums Ofejrm jm vnm, m`vnrl``mcm`t mt effmssndnant mt 9ueant jms fl`struftnl`s

pudan9umsB I+ L jms tujms preaedams Oplur u` cl`te`t ce'ncuc jm H+ +++ murlsB mt

m`trm *+ mt H+ L jms treveu' Oplur u` cl`te`t ce'ncuc jm

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Zrlnsn&cm fkepntrm55

8dsmrvetnl`s mt e`ea$sm ju rGam mt jm aeplsntnl` jm aEC8 ! trevmrs am prl4mt jm

ae flccu`m jm Jl`

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(= Am prl4mt jm irlupm sflaenrm jm ae vnaam jm Jl`

= Vntuetnl`Am prl4mt sm sntum je`s ae flccu`m jm Jl` je`s am jpertmcm`t ju )lrj ! u`m

vn`iten`m jm Pnalc&trms eu Vuj8umst jm Anaam= Eu VujMst ju pe$s jms Smppms, ae

flccu`m flcptm m`vnrl` .++ kednte`ts mt %ent pertnm jm ae flccu`eut urden`m jm

Anaam jmpuns se fretnl` m`

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6Gam jfke`im stretin9um, ae ierm V)F> jm Jl`Ven`ikn` mst eu f^ur ju` rsmeu

%mrrlvnenrm rmane`t ams vnaams jm Anaam, Am`s mt Ntku`m=

Jm `luvmeu' ec`eimcm`ts $ %urm`t jenaamurs n`euiurs m` *+ plur ecanlrmr ae

cuatncljeant jms useimrs=

*= 6rl4mt

M` *++K, ae flccu`m, per a3n`tmrcjnenrm jm sl` cenrm, Cl`snmur Mrnf 6ers$ Ose`s

tn9umttm, rau m` *++IB, mt suntm ! u`m rlrie nsetnl` fl`juntm per a3n spmftnl`

efejcn9um ju )lrj, e prns ae jfnsnl` jm frmr u` irlupm sflaenrm pmrcmtte`t ae

ru`nl` jms flams cetmr`maam mt prncenrm jm ae flccu`m sur u` ccm sntm= Ae`f m`

*++K, am prl4mt jm ae flccu`m e fl``u pausnmurs sludrmseuts, te`t eu `nvmeu

fl`lcn9um 9um prlireccetn9um= Zrlns ire`jms tepms l`t 4eal`` ams sn' prmcn&rms

e``ms jm prl4mt= Ae anvrensl` mst prvum plur smptmcdrm *+H=

Eve`t jm rmvm`nr sur fms trlns ire`jms tepms flrrmspl`je`t `n paus `n cln`s ! trlns

prl4mts jn%%rm`ts, vlnfn u` tedameu sncpan%n pmrcmtte`t jepprfnmr ae rmflcplsntnl`

pmrce`m`tm ju prl4mt jm Jl` #

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Jtena ju rsmeu %mrrlvnenrm jmae rinl` )lrj6esjmFeaens

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Ams fl`tm'tms slfnlfl`lcn9ums mt riamcm`tenrms sl`t

pertnfuan&rmcm`t n`trmsse`ts je`s atujm ju prl4mt jm Jl`= Ams

pln ts sunve`ts settefkmrl`t ! cmttrm m` aucn&rm fmu' 9un

n`trmssm`t tlut pertnfuan&rmcm`t aessnste`fm ! ce"trnsm jluvreim=

*== $$# < $$( ? prmcnmr prlomt ? fl`struftnl` j'u` irlupm sflaenrm sur am

sntm jm a'flam prncenrm Hestmur rmspmfte`t ae jcerfkm jm eutm ;ueant

+`vnrl``mcm`team

Anmu # Jl`, )lrj, )lrj6esjmFeaensC8E # 0naam jm Jl` evmf ae fllpretnl` jm aEim`fm jm jvmalppmcm`t mt

jurde`nscm jm Anaam plur ams tujmsEC8 # Jnrmftnl` jpertmcm`team jm a39unpmcm`t ju )lrj puns (cpeft

/ueant M`vnrl``mcm`team

C8M # :l`n` erfkntmftms Oce`jetenrmB, eutrms cmcdrms l` rm`smni`sCerfk # 6udanf, fl`flursVur%efm # )l` rm`smni`Flt # )l` rm`smni`>n`e`fmcm`ts # Mcpru`t eupr&s ju`m de`9um prnvm, sudvm`tnl`s ju Fl`smna

i`rea ju )lrj

Am prl4mt jm fretnl` ju `luvmeu irlupm sflaenrm jm Jl` e jdut m`

*++K= Ae flccu`m flcptm ealrs jmu' sntms sflaenrms # u`m flam cetmr`maam O6eren`ieu'B

- H+ -

6T87MZ , 6T87MZ * 6T87MZ .*++K *++I *++ 7unaamt *++ *+,+ *+,, *+,* Cers *+,. Evrna *+,.

6rlireccm MV/ E6V E6J 6rlireccm MV/ E6V E6J 6T8 JFM MV/ E6V E6J 6T8

R

R

R

VZE:M

Mtujms

preaedams

Jsni`etnl`

jm ae C8M

Mtujms

preaedams

Jsni`etnl`

jm ae C8M

C8E

0naam jm Jl `

EC8

(cpeft /M

Eim`fm jm jvmalppmcm`t

mt jurde`nscm jm Anaam Ctrlplam

C8M ,

M9unpm :l`n` erfkntmftms

C8M *

M9unpm JVE

Jnrmftnl` J pertmcm`team

jm aM9unpmcm`t

Fl`smna :`rea

ju )lrj O>JE)B

Ne`9um

prnvm

Ne`9um murlpm``m

jn`vmstnssmcm`t

RC8E C entr nsm j lu vreim

C8M C e"tr nsm jlm uv rm

MV/ 6kesm jms9u nssm

E6V Eve`t prl4mt slccenrm

E6J Eve`t prl4mt j%n n tn%

6T8 6kesm prl4mt

(`tmrruptnl` druteam

jm aeftnvnt

>JE) >l`j jpertmcm tea pluraec`eimcm`t ju )lrj

JFM Jlssnmr jm fl suatetnl`jms m`trmprnsms

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mt u`m flam prncenrm O6estmurB= M`vnrl` D+ a&vms %r9um`tm`t ams jmu' tedanssmcm`ts=

Am prl4mt plrt per ae cu`nfnpeant tent jm ru`nr fms jmu' m`tnts sur u` smua mt ccm

sntm tlut m` rmspmfte`t ae jcerfkm jm 1eutm /ueant M`vnrl``mcm`team= Fmttm vlal`t

rsuatm jm jmu' %eftmurs prn`fnpeu' # ae sm`sndnant ju Cenrm plur atedanssmcm`t ju`

irlupm sflaenrm eu' `lrcms m`vnrl``mcm`teams mt se`ntenrms strnftms mt ams fl`jntnl`s

jettrndutnl` ju`m enjm %n`e`fn&rm ju Fl`smna i`rea ju )lrj vne am %l`j jpertmcm`tea

plur aec`eimcm`t ju )lrj O>JE)B= M` m%%mt, fmttm enjm %n`e`fn&rm mst `lteccm`t

fl`jntnl``m ! ae fl`stntutnl` ju`m jcerfkm jm keutm 9ueant m`vnrl``mcm`team jms

fl`struftnl`s pudan9ums OVmfl`j fkepntrm, (((, .=*B=

6lur fm prl4mt, ae flccu`m d`%nfnent jm aessnste`fm tmfk`n9um mt %n`e`fn&rm jm trlns

lrie`nscms jnstn`fts # ae Jnrmftnl` jpertmcm`team jm a9unpmcm`t ju )lrj OJJM DB, am

Fl`smna i`rea ju )lrj mt aEim`fm jm jvmalppmcm`t mt jurde`nscm jm Anaam

Ctrlplam OEJ]ACB=

Je`s u` prmcnmr tmcps, ae JJM ju )lrj mst n`tmrvm`um je`s am fejrm jm sms cnssnl`s

- H -

;flam prncenrm

;flam cetmr`maam

Ams jmu' sntms sflaenrms jm Jl`

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jec`eimcm`t ju tmrrntlnrm mt jefflcpei`mcm`t jms flaamftnvnts tmrrntlrneams= Fmttm

jmr`n&rm reanse ams tujms preaedams en`sn 9um am prlireccm %l`ftnl``ma ju prl4mt ju

irlupm sflaenrm= Am fkln' ju sntm sm plrte sur am sntm jm aflam prncenrm, u` sntm

prsm`te`t ae fereftrnstn9um jtrm lffup per u` dalfPkeus jete`t jm ae Vmfl`jmiumrrm cl`jneam= Ae JJM ju )lrj efflcpei`e ieamcm`t ae ce"trnsm jluvreim !

jtmrcn`mr ams pmr%lrce`fms vnsms m` cetn&rm jm 1eutm /ueant M`vnrl``mcm`team mt !

ae`fmr ae prlfjurm jm samftnl` jm a9unpm jm ce"trnsm jlmuvrm= 6mu epr&s am jdut

jms tujms, ae JJM n`tmrrlcpnt sl` essnste`fm suntm eu' rlrie`nsetnl`s n`tmr`ms mt !

aede`jl` prlirmssn% jms cnssnl`s jessnste`fm vluaus per am pluvlnr m'futn% m` paefm !

pertnr ju jmu'n&cm eftm jms alns jm jfm`treansetnl` O*++* - *++HB puns jm ae rvnsnl`

i`ream jms plantn9ums pudan9ums ! pertnr jm *++l`js rinl`ea jenjm ! ae ce"trnsm jm a`mrinm mt jm

am`vnrl``mcm`t O>TECMMB, u`m enjm %n`e`fn&rm eancm`tm ! pert ieam per am Fl`smna

rinl`ea ju )lrj6esjmFeaens mt aEim`fm jm am`vnrl``mcm`t mt jm ae ce"trnsm jm

a`mrinm OEJMCMB= Fmttm jmr`n&rm mst jmstn`m ! slutm`nr %n`e`fn&rmcm`t jms pretn9ums

n``lve`tms m` %evmur ju jvmalppmcm`t juredam mt jm ae ce"trnsm jms `mrinms= Am

fl`flurs %n`e`fnmr ju >TECMM jlnt en`sn pmrcmttrm jm %n`e`fmr 4us9u! K+ L jms tujms

vnse`t ! m`flureimr aeppanfetnl` jm ae jcerfkm jm 1eutm /ueant M`vnrl``mcm`team eu

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smn` jms prl4mtsI= Vtrufturm rmaens plur am >TECMM, AEJ]AC e ieamcm`t cns ! ae

jnsplsntnl` ju ce"trm jluvreim sl` m'prnm`fm mt sms smrvnfms plur efflcpei`mr,

fl`smnaamr mt jl``mr sl` evns sur am prl4mt= Vur sl` sntm n`tmr`mt, aEJ]AC n`jn9um 9umaam

n`tmrvnm`t eupr&s jm Anaam Ctrlplam Flccu`eut urden m mt jm vnaams jmaerrl`jnssmcm`t ===W te`t je`s am fl`tm`u mt ae %lrcm jms prl4mts 9um je`s ae j%n`ntnl`

jms ctkljms jtujms mt jm cnsm m` ^uvrm Y, `lteccm`t je`s am dut jm cmttrm m`

flkrm`fm jms prl4mts alfeu' sur jm ire`js tmrrntlnrms n`tmrflccu`eu' Y= AEJ]AC e

en`sn prlpls sl` enjm se`s n`tmrvm`tnl` preaedam jm ae ce"trnsm jluvreim je`s am dut

jm vmnaamr ! atedanssmcm`t ju` prl4mt flkrm`t mt efflrj eu' dmsln`s jm ae ctrlplam

anaalnsm=

I Eim`fm jurde`nscm jm aerrl`jnssmcm`t jm Ntku`m, *+., 4` lutna pertm`ernea ? am :l`js rinl`eaj'enjm ae cetrnsm jm a'`mrinm mt jm a'm`vnrl``mcm`t 8:T,5++=, m` ani`m,kttp#XXUUU=euaed=%rXmtujms5prl4mtsXprl4mts5ecm`eimcm`t=ktcagJLMcerfkm, fl`suat am K evrna*+.=

Eim`fm jm jvmalppmcm`t mt jurde`nscm jm Anaam Ctrlplam, *+., +tujms mt eftnl`s ? prlomtsurden`s, m` ani`m,kttp#XXUUU=ejuanaamcmtrlplam=lriXmtujmsmteftnl`sprl4mtsurden`sXprl4mtsurden`sXprl4mtsurden`s*

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Fmst jl`f suntm ! aede`jl` jms cnssnl`s

j3essnste`fm jm ae JJM 9um ae cu`nfnpeant smst

ettefkm ams smrvnfms ju`m eim`fm jessnste`fm !

ce"trnsm jluvreim= Epr&s eppma jl%%rms rmstrmn`t Of%=6rmcnmr fkepntrm, (, *B, am fkln' smst plrt sur

aeim`fm (cpeft /ueant M`vnrl``mcm`team, u`m

eim`fm jessnste`fm spfneansm je`s ae jcerfkm jm

1eutm /ueant M`vnrl``mcm`team Of%= Zrlnsn&cm fkepntrm, ((, B= Fm fkln' pmrcnt ! ae %lns !

ae ce"trnsm jluvreim jm plursunvrm sms m%%lrts m` cetn&rm m`vnrl``mcm`team mt jm

9ueant jm vnm tlut d`%nfne`t tlu4lurs jm aepplrt %n`e`fnmr ju Fl`smna i`rea ju )lrj

vne am >JE)=

Epr&s am jsm`ieimcm`t jm ae JJM, u` smfl`j jpert ve cer9umr am prl4mt pm`je`t ams

tujms jeve`tprl4mt # ae ce"trnsm jluvreim rlcpnt am fl`tret jm ce"trnsm jlmuvrm ae

ane`t ! :l`n` erfkntmftms= Vn ams cltn%s jm fmttm rupturm `l`t pes t prfnscm`t

flccu`n9us, u`m rsnanetnl` eu' tlrts ju tntuaenrm %ut n`vl9um alrs jms m`trmtnm`s evmf

ae ce"trnsm jluvreim mt aEC8= M` m%%mt, ams prmstetnl`s smcdaenm`t trm `l` fl`%lrcms

eu' ettm`tms jm ae ce"trnsm jluvreim= Ae ceuvensm m tm tm m trm ams pertnms %ut

ieamcm`t eve`fm= Am prl4mt %ut n`tmrrlcpu m` pkesm E6J= AEC8 essnste ae ce"trnsm

jluvreim je`s am antnim 9un ae anent ! a9unpm jm ce"trnsm jlmuvrm=

- HH -

RC8E Centrnsm jluvreim

C8M Ce"trnsm jlmuvrm

MV/ 6kesm jms9unssm

E6V Eve`t prl4mt slccenrm

E6J Eve t prl4mt j%n ntn%

(`tmrruptnl` druteam

jm aeftnvnt

>JE) >l`j jpertmcm`tea plur

aec`eimcm`t ju )lrj

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*=*= $$( < $& ? smfl`j prlomt ? rkednantetnl` mt m7tm`snl` ju irlupm

sflaenrm sur am sntm jm a'flam cetmr`maam Heren ieu7 je`s u`m jcerfkm ;+ mt

rpl`je`t e cn`nce e ae pmr/lrce`fm EE6

Anmu # Jl`, )lrj, )lrj6esjmFeaensC8E # 0naam jm Jl` evmf ae fllpretnl` jm aEim`fm jm jvmalppmcm`t mt

jurde`nscm jm Anaam plur ams tujms

EC8 # (cpeft /ueant M`vnrl``mcm`teamC8M # Jecnm` Vurrlfe Erfkntmftms Oce`jetenrmB, (`imrlp ONMZ tlus flrps

jtet, (`irlp ONMZ 1/MB mt Auf :enaamt Ofl`lcnstmBCerfk # 6udanf, fl`flursVur%efm # ++ c*Flt # * .++ +++ murls 1Z>n`e`fmcm`ts # Mcpru`t eupr&s ju`m de`9um prnvm, sudvm`tnl`s ju Fl`smna

i`rea ju )lrj

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Vuntm eu' sludrmseuts ju prmcnmr prl4mt, am`smcdam jms tujms m%%mftums

m` prmcn&rm n`ste`fm sl`t ede`jl``ms= Fms jmr`n&rms sl`t `lteccm`t 4uims

pmr%mftndams per aEC8= Am prl4mt jm irlupm sflaenrm rmprm`j jl`f jmpuns am jdut=

AEC8, C= 6rmuvlt jm aeim`fm (cpeft /ueant M`vnrl``mcm`team, mst ealrs cnssnl``plur rmprm`jrm ams tujms preaedams m` n`tire`t u`m jcerfkm strnftm jm 1eutm

/ueant M`vnrl``mcm`team je`s ae ctkljlalinm mt am `luvmeu prlireccm= Am sntm

jncpae`tetnl` fke`im mt aEC8 suii&rm jec`eimr am sntm pertnmaamcm`t plaau jm

aflam cetmr`maam flcptm tm`u ju flt jm jclantnl` ju dalfPkeus sur am sntm jm aflam

prncenrm= Ams fndams 1/M sl`t jm `luvmeu knrerfknsms m` %l`ftnl` ju `luvmeu tmrren`

jessnmttm ju prl4mt= Fm jmr`nmr fl`snstm tlu4lurs m` ae fl`struftnl` ju` irlupm sflaenrm

rmirlupe`t prncenrms mt cetmr`maams=

Epr&s ae rm%l`tm jms tujms preaedams mt ju prlireccm,

ae ce"trnsm jluvreim, essnstm j(cpeft /M, ae`?e u` evns

jm fl`flurs sur am 7lur`ea l%%nfnma jm a] nl` Murlpm``m

m` vum jm fklnsnr u`m 9unpm jm ce"trnsm jlmuvrm plur ae

rkednantetnl` mt am'tm`snl` ju irlupm sflaenrm, prl4mt

m`tre`t je`s u`m jcerfkm 1/M mt rpl`je`t e cn`nce e

- H< -

RC8E Centrnsm jluvreim

C8M Ce"trnsm jlmuvrm

MV/ 6kesm jms9unssm

E6V Eve`t prl4mt slccenrm

E6J Eve`t prl4mt j%n n tn%

6T8 6kesm prl4mt

(`tmrruptnl` druteamjm aeftnvnt

>JE) >l`j jpertmcm tea plur

aec`eimcm`t ju )lrj

JFM Jlssnmr jm fl`suatetnl`

jms m`trmprnsms

6T87MZ *

7unaamt *++ *+,+ *+,, *+,*

6rlireccm MV/ E6V E6J 6T8 JFM

R

Mtujms

preaedams

Jsni`etnl`

jm ae C8M

C8E

0naam jm Jl`

EC8

(cpeft /MC8M *

M9unpm JVE

Eim`fm jm jvmalppmcm`t

mt jurde`nscm jm Anaam

Fl`smna :`rea

ju )lrj

Ne`9um

prnvm

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ae pmr%lrce`fm NNF Y+= En`sn, suntm eu fl`flurs rmstrmn`t jm ce"trnsm jlmuvrm ae`f m`

evrna *+, a9unpm flcplsm jm aeim`fm jerfkntmfturm Jecnm` Vurrlfe erfkntmftms

OJVE, ce`jetenrmB, ju durmeu jtujms (`irlp O1/M, strufturm, %aunjm, vlnrnm mt rsmeu'

jnvmrsB mt jm afl`lcnstm jm ae fl`struftnl` Auf :enaamt, %ut jfaer aeuretm= M`pereaa&am, aEim`fm jm jvmalppmcm`t mt jurde`nscm jm Anaam Ctrlplam tmrcn`e se

cnssnl` jessnste`fm plur ams tujms=

7us9um` Cers *+*, ams pkesms suffmssnvms ju prl4mt eve`?enm`t smal` am feam`jrnmr

prvnsnl``ma cens m` pkesm JFM, ae de`9um e``l`?e ! ae ce"trnsm jluvreim u`m

cljn%nfetnl` jm sms fl`jntnl`s de`fenrms= Ae jurm jms prts eu' flaamftnvnts tmrrntlrneams

tent drus9umcm`t rjuntm jm pausnmurs e``ms mt am vlaucm jms prts ieamcm`t

prl%l`jcm`t rmvu ! ae denssm= 0nftncm jms fl`trmflups jm ae frnsm %n`e`fn&rm jm *++I

mt jl`f se`s rmsslurfm su%%nse`tm plur reansmr am irlupm sflaenrm, ae ce"trnsm jluvreim

%ut fl`tren`tm jm suspm`jrm am prl4mt=

+ 7lur`ea l%%nfnma jm a]`nl` Murlpm``m, *+, ,vns j'eppma pudanf ae fl`furrm`fm `,1"&&&%"(&-cns m` ani`m am &mr evrna $&&-p=

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*=.= $& < $&% ? trlnsncm prlomt ? rkednantetnl` jm a'flam cetmr`maam m`

rmsteuretnl` sflaenrm mt fretnl` j'u`m `luvmaam flam cetmr`maam je`s u`m jcerfkm

;+ mt rpl`je`t e cn`nce e ae pmr/lrce`fm EE6

Anmu # Jl`, )lrj, )lrj6esjmFeaensC8E # 0naam jm Jl` evmf ae fllpretnl` jm aEim`fm jm jvmalppmcm`t mt

jurde`nscm jm Anaam plur ams tujmsEC8 # (cpeft /ueant M`vnrl``mcm`teamC8M # Jecnm` Vurrlfe Erfkntmftms Oce`jetenrmB, (`imrlp On`i`nmurs tlus

flrps jtet mt 1/MB, Auf :enaamt Ofl`lcnstmBCerfk # 6udanf, fl`flursVur%efm # D++ c*Flt # H++ +++ murls 1Z>n`e`fmcm`ts # Mcpru`t eupr&s jm ae Ne`9um murlpm``m jn vmstnssmcm`t,

sudvm`tnl`s ju Fl`smna i`ream ju )lrj

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Je`s se rmfkmrfkm jm %n`e`fmcm`ts flcpacm`tenrms, ae ce"trnsm jluvreim e

prlspmft klrs jms %rl`tn&rms `etnl`eams mt slaanfnt u` prt ! ae Ne`9um murlpm``m

j3n`vmstnssmcm`t ONM(B= Jm %e?l` essm n`ettm`jum plur ae Cenrnm jm Jl`, ae NM( e

effmpt jm %n`e`fmr am irlupm sflaenrm ! keutmur jm ,*KD cnaanl`s jmurls=

6lur ae trlnsn&cm %lns, am prl4mt %ut prl%l`jcm`t rmtrevenaa

plur rmspmftmr ae `luvmaam m`vmalppm %n`e`fn&rm= Epr&s

pausnmurs clns jerrt %lrf, aEC8 rmprns am prlireccm plur

supprncmr jms prmstetnl`s mt ejeptmr am `luvmeu prl4mt eu'

`luvmaams fepefnts %n`e`fn&rms ju pluvlnr ej4ujnfetmur= Am

prl4mt fl`snstm cen`tm`e`t m` ae rkednantetnl` jm aeftumaam

flam cetmr`maam m` rmsteuretnl` sflaenrm plur am`smcdam jms

a&vms ju prmcnmr jmir mt am irlupm sflaenrm mst rjunt ! ae

fretnl` ju`m `luvmaam flam cetmr`maam= Am prl4mt jm ru`nl`

jms jmu' flams mst jl`f ede`jl``= En`sn, a9unpm jm

ce"trnsm jlmuvrm %ut n`vntm ! ejeptmr am prfjm`t prl4mt= Flcptm tm`u jm ancplrte`fm

jm ae rjuftnl` dujitenrm mt jms cljn%nfetnl`s prlireccetn9ums, JVE rmtrevenaae

m`tn&rmcm`t am prl4mt mt prlplse u`m `luvmaam cluturm= Ae tm`snl` %ut ire`jm evmf ams

cmcdrms jm a9unpm jm ce"trnsm jlmuvrm alrs jms rm`ilfnetnl`s jms n`jmc`nts jm

fkefu`=

- H -

C8E Centr nsm jluvreim

C8M Ce"tr nsm jlmuvrm

MV/ 6kesm jms9unssm

E6V Eve`t prl4mt slccenrm

E6J Eve`t prl4mt j%n n tn%

6T8 6kesm prl4mt

0(VE

JMZ

E8T

>JE) >l`j jpertmcm`tea plur

aec`eimcm`t ju )lrj

JFM Jlssnmr jm fl`suatetnl`

jms m`trmprnsms

EFZ Essnste`fm plur ae pessetnl`

jms fl`trets jm treveu'

0nse mt s$`tk&sm

jms tujms jm'futnl`

Jnrmftnl` jm am'futnl`

jms fl`trets jm treveu'

Essnste`fm eu' lpretnl`s

jm rfmptnl` jms treveu'

6T87MZ .

Cers *+,. Evrna *+,.

>()VZE:M

cen 4un` 4unaamt E pertnr jm Vmptmcdrm *+,H

MV/ E6V E6J 6T8 JFM EFZ 0(VE JMZ E8T

>n` *+,. mt . prmcnmrs

Vmcmstrms *+,H

Cen`tm`e`fm mt

vnm jm aluvreim

C8E

0na am jm Jl`

EC8

(cpeft /M

C8M *

M9unpm JVE

Fl`smna :`reaju )lrj

Ne`9um murlpm``m

jn`vmstnssmcm`t

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E anssum jm ae prnljm jm steim pm`je`t ae9umaam ae prsm`tm tujm %ut rjnim,

alpretnl` tent m` pkesm 6T8 mt am pae``n`i prvnsnl``ma, ceair jms fke`fms

repprlfkms, tent rmspmft=

.= 6rsm`tetnl` jm ae ce"trnsm jluvreim

A9unpm cu`nfnpeam jm ae vnaam jm Jl` mst flcplsm ju`m jnen`m jeim`ts

cu`nfnpeu' essure`t ams smrvnfms pudanfs tmas 9um am`trmtnm` ju tmrrntlnrm flccu`ea, ae

rmsteuretnl` sflaenrm, am smrvnfm 4mu`mssm mt aejcn`nstretnl` i`ream= Am`smcdam jms

smrvnfms sl`t slus ae jnrmftnl` jm Cejecm 6lrtm, Jnrmftrnfm i`ream jms smrvnfms= Am

Fl`smna cu`nfnpea flcptm trmnm cmcdrms aus= Am Cenrm, Cl`snmur 6ers$, au m` *++K

per am Fl`smna cu`nfnpea suntm ! ae jcnssnl` jm sl` prjfmssmur mt rau per ams jl`lns

m` *++I= (a mst fkm% jm prl4mt n`%lrcetn9um ! ae flccu`eut urden`m jm Anaam=

Eu smn` jm ae cenrnm, eufu` eim`t `n au `m plss&jm ams flcptm`fms `fmssenrms plur

fl`junrm am prl4mt jm irlupm sflaenrm= Am rmflurs ! u`m essnste`fm ! ce"trnsm jluvreim

smst jl`f evr n`jnspm`sedam, e %lrtnlrn epr&s am jsm`ieimcm`t jm ae JJM ju )lrj=

]` cmcdrm ju Fl`smna cu`nfnpeam, Cl`snmur Cknelun, .m ej4ln`t, mst fkeri jm sunvrm

sl` vlautnl` mt jm` essurmr ae cnsm m` %l`ftnl``mcm`t=

.== am flcnt jm pnalteim

Fkeri ju sunvn ju prl4mt jm irlupm sflaenrm, u` flcnt jm pnalteim %ut

fl`stntu ! an`ntnetnvm ju Cenrm pmu epr&s am jdut jm ae cnssnl` jm aEC8= Fl`stntu

jaus, jm`smni`e`ts, jm perm`ts ja&vms mt jm rmprsm`te`ts jms pertm`enrms eu prl4mt

OaEJ]AC mt am Fl`smna i`reaB, am flcnt ! pausnmurs cnssnl`s #

J%n`nr ams ire`jms lrnm`tetnl`s mt vmnaamr ! aeppanfetnl` jm fms jmr`n&rms [

(jm`tn%nmr ams dmsln`s prnlrntenrms [

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0eanjmr ams tepms mssm`tnmaams [

Mcmttrm jms rmcer9ums sur auseim mt am %l`ftnl``mcm`t ju %utur irlupm sflaenrm=

Fl`vl9u ! an`ntnetnvm jm Cl`snmur 6ers$, am flcnt jm pnalteim mst u` lrie`m mssm`tnmajm fl`juntm ju prl4mt= Vn fm jmr`nmr e fl``u pausnmurs rmdl`jnssmcm`ts, am flcnt !

tlu4lurs t slutm`u per ae ce"trnsm jluvreim= Alrs ju` m`trmtnm` evmf Cl`snmur 6ers$,

fm jmr`nmr tclni`ent sl` ettefkmcm`t plur fmttm n`ste`fm 9un pmrcnt eu prl4mt jm

fke`imr jm fep Y se`s rm`nmr sl` jmssmn` prmcnmr # l%%rnr eu' a&vms jm Jl` mt eu

pmrsl``ma u` tedanssmcm t fl`%lrtedam mt sfurntenrm, ejept eu' m'nim`fms

m`vnrl``mcm`teams jm ae jcerfkm 1/M=

.=*= am ourD jm samftnl` jm a'qunpm jm cetrnsm j'lmuvrm

Flcpls jm cmcdrms n`jpm`je`ts jms pertnfnpe`ts eu fl`flurs, am 4ur$

mst jsni` `lcn`etnvmcm`t per ae ce"trnsm jluvreim= (a n`tmrvnm`t m` jmu' tmcps e%n`,

ju`m pert, jfaenrmr am pluvlnr ej4ujnfetmur je`s sl` fkln' jms 9unpms ejcnsms !

fl`flurnr - ! anssum jm aeppma ! fe`jnjeturm -, mt jeutrm pert, jm fklnsnr a9unpm

aeuretm - am fl`flurs ! prlprmcm`t peramr -=

/un`m pmrsl``ms flcplsenm`t am 4ur$ jm Jl`= Vn' cmcdrms ! vln' jandretnvms tenm`t

kednants ! pertnfnpmr per amur vltm eu' jfnsnl`s ju 4ur$ #

Cl`snmur am Cenrm, prsnjm`t [

Cejecm Seutmrs, ej4ln`tm [

Cl`snmur Cknelun, ej4ln`t [

]` erfkntmftm ce`jet per a3lrjrm jms erfkntmftms [

Cl`snmur 6l`fmamt, jnrmftmur ju FE]M ju )lrj [

Cl`snmur Fkeuterj, rmspl`sedam m`vnrl``mcm`t jm a3EJ]AC

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Ze`jns 9um `mu% eutrms pmrsl``eants ! vln' fl`suatetnvms tenm`t n`vnts ! jl``mr amurs

evns mt ! prm`jrm pert eu' jnsfussnl`s ju 4ur$, se`s plur eute`t plssjmr jm vln'

jandretnvm #

Ams fn`9 fl`smnaamrs cu`nfnpeu' jm ae flccu`m [ C= Am%mdvrm, rmprsm`te`t jm ae Jnrmftnl` i`ream jm ae fl`furrm`fm, jm ae

fl`slccetnl` mt jm ae rprmssnl` jms %reujms [

Cl`snmur 0e`jmvllrjm, rmprsm`te`t jm ae Jnrmftnl` i`ream jms %n`e`fms

pudan9ums [

Cl`snmur Amfrmu', n`spmftmur jm a3;jufetnl` `etnl`eam plur ae fnrfl`sfrnptnl` jm

Anaam [

Cl`snmur 6rmuvlt, essnste`t ! ce"trnsm jluvreim=

Am 9ulruc mst ettmn`t alrs9um paus jm ae clntn jms cmcdrms evmf vln' jandretnvms mst

prsm`tm= E anssum jm ae prmcn&rm samftnl`, am 4ur$ e samftnl`` trlns 9unpms ejcnsms !

fl`flurnr= Epr&s flaamftm jms rmcnsms jms 9unpms mt epr&s e`ea$sm jms rm`jus, am 4ur$

smst ru`n u`m smfl`jm %lns= Ams cmcdrms ju 4ur$ l`t ealrs jsni` a9unpm ce`jetm

per Jecnm` Vurrlfe Erfkntmftms aeuretm=

((= Aessnste`fm ! ce"trnsm jluvreim plur am prl4mt jm Jl`

Ae strufturm essnste`t ae ce"trnsm jluvreim plur am prl4mt plrt per ae vnaam jm Jl`

mst aeim`fm (cpeft /ueant M`vnrl``mcm`team sntum ! Zlurfln`i=

= 6lrtrent jm aeim`fm (cpeft /ueant M`vnrl``mcm`team

Aeim`fm (cpeft /ueant M`vnrl``mcm`team O(cpeft /MB mst u` durmeu jtujms

spfneans je`s ams cuatnpams 9umstnl`s rmaetnvms ! a3m`vnrl``mcm`t je`s ae fl`struftnl`

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mt aec`eimcm`t Y= Aeim`fm %ent pertnm ju fl`slrtnuc %l`j per aerfkntmftm 6nmrrm

Flppm flcpls jm ae VETA 6nmrrm Flppm Erfkntmftms O+ seaernsB mt jm (cpeft /ueant

M`vnrl``mcm`team O< seaernsB= Fke9um strufturm plss&jm se prlprm 9unpm, C= Flppm

essurm ae jnrmftnl` jms jmu' mt se %mccm, 6ke`mttm Flppm, ae imstnl` ejcn`nstretnvm=

>l`j m` *++. ! Zlurfln`i, ams eftnvnts jm aeim`fm (cpeft /M jdutm`t alrs9um C=

Flppm slukentm n`tirmr jms n`i`nmurs ! se strufturm plur enjmr aeim`fm jerfkntmfturm

je`s se rmfkmrfkm jm slautnl`s tmfk`n9ums n``lve`tms= Tepnjmcm`t, ! fGt jms eftnvnts

jn`i`nmrnm plur ae VETA 6nmrrm Flppm, am durmeu jtujms sm ae`fm sur am cerfk jm

aessnste`fm ! ce"trnsm jluvreim m` pamn` msslr, `lteccm`t irfm eu' sudvm`tnl`s ju

Fl`smna i`rea ju )lrj= Ae prlireccetnl` tmfk`n9um mt m`vnrl``mcm`team mst epprnsm

sur am terj, eu ir jms flcptm`fms jms n`jnvnjus 9un flcplsm`t ae strufturm= E fmttm

pl9um, aEC8 rmprsm`tm pr&s jm + L ju fkn%%rm je%%enrms j(cpeft /M=

Eu4lurjkun flcplsm jm sn' pmrsl``ms eu' ctnmrs mt eu' spfneants vernms

Oerfkntmftm, tkmrcnfnm , `mritnfnm`, fkncnstm, urde`nstm mt pe$seinstmB, ams eftnvnts jm

aeim`fm sm strufturm`t m` jmu' cnssnl`s prn`fnpeams #

enjmr ! ae prlireccetnl` 1/M # dtncm`ts, perfs jeftnvnt, fl9uertnmr

Oessnste`fm ! ce"trnsm jluvreimB Y lu EC8 1/M Y [

enjmr ! ae fl`fmptnl` jm dtncm`t 1/M # `lcdrmusms flcptm`fms mt alinfnmas #

tkmrcn9um, eflustn9um, urde`nscm, flcetrneu', dnae` ferdl`m Oessnste`fm !

ce"trnsm jlmuvrmB Y lu EC8M 1/M Y=

Ae prmcn&rm cnssnl`, fmaam jessnste`fm ! ce"trnsm jluvreim spfneansm 1/M, mst ae

prn`fnpeam eftnvnt jm aeim`fm smal` Cettknmu 6rmuvlt, aEC8 plur am prl4mt jm Jl`= Maam

e plur prn`fnpm j3enjmr ae Ce"trnsm jluvreim ! j%n`nr, pnaltmr mt sunvrm ae fl`fmptnl`

ju` prl4mt reans per am Ce"trm j^uvrm= Y= Vur sl` sntm n`tmr`mt, aeim`fm prfnsm 9um

55 (cpeft /ueant M`vnrl``mcm`team, *+*, Hrsm`tetnl`- m` ani`m,kttp#XXUUU=ncpeft9m=flcXmUd5p eimsXnXncpeftflcpmtm`fms=pkp,fl`suat am ** cers *+.=

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ae jcerfkm jm 1eutm /ueant M`vnrl``mcm`team jms dtncm`ts W mst rfm`tm= En`sn,

na mst sluvm`t `fmssenrm, je`s u` prmcnmr tmcps, jm sm`sndnansmr ae ce"trnsm jluvreim !

sl` %l`ftnl``mcm`t= Y= Eussn, epr&s u`m j%n`ntnl` jms ecdntnl`s m`vnrl``mcm`teams mt

jms dmsln`s %l`ftnl``mas Y, aeim`fm efflcpei`m ams ce"trnsms jluvreim alrs ju fkln'ju ce"trm jlmuvrm, alrs jm ae fl`fmptnl` ju dtncm`t mt epr&s anvrensl` ju prl4mt= Y*=

Ams prn`fnpeu' fanm`ts jm aeim`fm sl`t jms eftmurs pudanfs tmas 9um jms flccu`ms, jms

Mtedanssmcm ts pudanfs n`tmrflccu`eu' mt je`s u`m cln jrm cmsurm jms slfnts

jfl`lcnm cn'tm OVMCB, jms denaamurs slfneu' mt jms fkecdrms fl`suaenrms= Vn fmttm

cnssnl` flcplsm m`vnrl` K+ L ju vlaucm jeftnvnts j(cpeft /M, am `lcdrm jm prl4mts

mst m` denssm fl`tn`um jmpuns pausnmurs e``ms= E tntrm jm'mcpam, C= 6rmuvlt `ltm 9una

$ e smuamcm`t 9uetrm e`s, na rpl`jent ! 9uetrm eppmas jl%%rms per smcen`m te`jns

9ueu4lurjkun aeim`fm pmn`m ! trluvmr paus ju` cerfk per clns= 6lur %enrm %efm !

fmttm fl`4l`fturm jn%%nfnam mt ! ae prfernt 9um rmprsm`tm ams sudvm`tnl`s ju Fl`smna

i`ream ju )lrj, aeim`fm tm`tm eu4lurjkun jm jnvmrsn%nmr sms eftnvnts m` prlplse`t

`lteccm`t sms smrvnfms jEC8 ! jms prmstetenrms prnvs Oprlcltmurs, fke"`ms jm

ire`jm jnstrndutnl` mt m`trmprnsms jaietenrms jm smrvnfm pudanfB, mt m` prpere`t jm

`luvmaams cnssnl`s prprlireccetn9ums desms sur jms tujms jm %ensednant= Am dut mst

nfn jtrm %am'ndam plur rpl`jrm eu' dmsln`s ju cerfk, ! anceim jms flcptm`fms m`

n`tmr`m=

Ae smfl`jm cnssnl` mst fmaam jessnste`fm ! ce"trnsm jlmuvrm spfneansm 1/M= M`

jeutrms tmrcms, fmttm cnssnl` rpl`j eu dmsln` jn`i`nmrnm spfneans 1/M m'ni plur

fmrten`s prl4mts per ae ce"trnsm jluvreim alrs ju ae`fmcm`t ju`m alpretnl`= /uetrm

pln`ts prn`fnpeu' rinssm`t aeftnvnt #

Tpl`sms eu feknmr jms fkerims m`vnrl``mcm`tea jlpretnl` 1/M [

Jncm`snl``mcm`t jn`steaaetnl`s slaenrms, jm imstnl` jms meu' pauvneams [

Essnste`fm fl`smna je`s am fkln' jm cetrneu' [

54 (cpeft /ueant M`vnrl``mcm`team, *+*, 5nssnl`s ? ,51 ;+- m` ani`m,kttp#XXUUU=ncpeft9m=flcXmUd5peimsXnXncpeftcnssnl`s5ecl5k9m=pkp, fl`suat am ** cers *+.=

- DH -

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Enjm ! ae jfnsnl` 9ue`t ! ae tkmrcn9um ju dtncm`t= Y.

Fms jmu' cnssnl`s epperenssm`t flcpacm`tenrms smal` aeim`fm puns9um fmttm

jludam fes9umttm EC8 mt EC8m Y pmrcmt ! aeim`fm jm fl``e"trm am%l`ftnl``mcm`t ju`m lpretnl` jm fl`struftnl` m`vnrl``mcm`team, ams ld4mftn%s

reansedams, ams cl$m`s j$ pervm`nr, mt ams flts jm ae fl`struftnl`= Y= Fmst sur fmttm

cnssnl` 9um aeim`fm tm`tm eu4lurjkun jm sm rmfm`trmr plur peaanmr ae denssm jeftnvnt jm

aEC8=

M`%n`, na mst utnam jm `ltmr 9um am durmeu (cpeft /ueant M`vnrl``mcm`team flaaedlrm

evmf am fedn`mt jerfkntmftms 6nmrrm F866M Vera jmpuns se fretnl` YHcens 9um jmpuns

*+, (cpeft /M mst n`jpm`je`t jm 6nmrrm Flppm erfkntmftms= M` m%%mt, C= 6rmuvlt

rmcer9um 9una $ e m`flrm u` e` ae cnssnl` jessnste`fm ! ce"trnsm jlmuvrm Y tent

m'fausnvm ! aeftnvnt jm aeim`fm jerfkntmfturm=

Jm aerfkntmfturm ! an`i`nmrnm, m` pesse`t per aessnste`fm ! ce"trnsm jluvreim, ams

eim`fms (cpeft /ueant M`vnrl``mcm`team mt se censl` c&rm, ae VETA 6nmrrm Flppm

erfkntmftms, n`tmrvnm``m`t ! ae %lns m` ecl`t, eu smn` jm ae ce"trnsm jluvreim, mt m` evea,

evmf ae ce"trnsm jlmuvrm= ]` cae`im jms eftnvnts 9un %ent fkl eu prlpls jm

aerfkntmftm 6etrnfP Neiinl je`s ae rmvum J',rfkntmfturms ? eu4lurj3kun, f3mst a3erfkntmfturm

9un %ent vnvrm ae fmaauam urde`nscm= Vn tu vmu' dlu%%mr, na %eut `fmssenrmcm`t %enrm jm ae

ce"trnsm j3lmuvrm= Y @ OEujlun`, *++I, p= IB= Vmal` 7me` Eujlun`, aeutmur ju jlssnmr jm

J', smuams ams tujms lpretnl``maams anms ! a3eftm j3ec`eimr lu jm fl`strunrm sl`t

m` i`rea rm`tedams, fer amurs dujimts pmuvm`t ! fm stejm trm n`tirs eu cl`teim

%n`e`fnmr jms lpretnl`s evmf, plur am ce"trm j3luvreim, u`m iere`tnm jm rmtlur sur

n`vmstnssmcm`t= Y= ]` %ent 9un m'pan9umrent jl`f ancdrnfetnl` jms jmu' strufturms %l`jms

56 (cpeft /ueant M`vnrl``mcm`team, *+*, 5nssnl`s ? ,51+ ;+- m` ani`m,kttp#XXUUU=ncpeft9m=flcXmUd5peimsXnXncpeftcnssnl`s5eclm5k9m=pkp,fl`suat am ** cers *+.=

H Fdnj0

- DD -

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per C= Flppm=

== plrtrent jm a'essnste`t cetrnsm j'luvreim m` fkerim ju prlomt

6rm`l`s u` n`ste`t plur tujnmr am perflurs prl%mssnl``ma mt efejcn9um

jm a3EC8= Vn ! prmcn&rm vum, fms n`%lrcetnl`s smcdam`t supmr%aums, maams plurrl`t pmut

trm `lus ecm`mr ! cnmu' flcprm`jrm sms plsntnl`s sur am prl4mt jm Jl`=

C= 6rmuvlt, aessnste`t ! ce"trnsm jluvreim eu9uma %ut fl`%n am jlssnmr jm irlupm

sflaenrm jm ae vnaam jm Jl` mst u` urde`nstm jm %lrcetnl`= Epr&s u` NZV :lc&trm

tlplirepkm, puns u`m Anfm`fm jEc`eimcm`t ! a]`nvmrsnt ju 1evrm, na fl`faut sms

tujms per u` Cestmr Ec`eimcm`t, urde`nscm mt jvmalppmcm`t jms tmrrntlnrms,

spfneant Fl`struftnl` mt ec`eimcm t juredam ! a(`stntut jurde`nscm mt

jec`eimcm`t jm Anaam=

Eu ir jm sms tujms, sl` perflurs prl%mssnl``ma ae cm` tlut jedlrj je`s u` fedn`mt

jm ilc&trm m'pmrt ONZVB, puns je`s am smrvnfm V$st&cm j3(`%lrcetnl` :lirepkn9um

]rden` jm ae Cenrnm ju 1evrm OAnfm`fmB mt m`%n` ! ae Cenrnm jm Zlurfln`i, eu smn` jm ae

Jnrmftnl` ju jvmalppmcm`t juredam OCestmr *B= E anssum jm sl` steim, m` *++

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jessnste`fm ! ce"trnsm jluvreim plur ae fl`fmptnl` mt ae reansetnl` ju irlupm sflaenrm

je`s u`m jcerfkm jm 1eutm /ueant M`vnrl``mcm`team=

Flessurm per ae flccu`m jm Jl` mt aEJ]AC, am cerfk jm smrvnfm plur ae cnssnl`jessnste`fm %ut ae`f m` evrna *++ smal` ae prlfjurm jeppma jl%%rms rmstrmn`t Of%=

6rmcnmr fkepntrm, (, *B= Vmal` am feknmr jms fkerimsD, am cerfk tent flcpls jm jmu'

cnssnl`s #

]`m cnssnl` jm 1eutm /ueant M`vnrl``mcm`team O%mrcmB

]`m cnssnl` jm fl`juntm jlpretnl` Ofl`jntnl``maamB

*== prsm`tetnl` jms cnssnl`s ju cerfk

Ams jmu' cnssnl`s prn`fnpeams tenm`t sudjnvnsms m` pkesms= En`sn, plur ae

cnssnl` 1/M, smpt pkesms flcplsenm`t ae cnssnl` #

6kesm # Vm`sndnansetnl`, n`%lrcetnl`, %lrcetnl`

Fl`tm`u prn`fnpea # 8rie`nsetnl` jm ru`nl`s jm sm`sndnansetnl` jms cmcdrms ju Fl`smna

cu`nfnpea mt jms %uturs useis, en`sn 9um ju`m vnsntm jlpretnl` 1/M jm t$plalinm

9unveam`tm=

6kesm * # Jnei`lstnfs

Fl`tm`u prn`fnpea # E`ea$sm m`vnrl``mcm`team jms sntms mt e`ea$sm se`ntenrm mt tmfk`n9um

jms dtncm`ts m'nste`ts=

6kesm . # Epprl%l`jnssmcm`t mt n`tiretnl` jms m'nim`fms m`vnrl``mcm`teams

Fl`tm`u prn fnpea # Maedlretnl` jm sf`ernls fkn%%rs jm prlireccm n`tire`ts ams

m'nim`fms 1/M O9uetrm cn`ncucsB, tujm jm ancpeft fl`lcn9um jms ld4mftn%s 1/M,

rjeftnl` ju` feknmr j3ld4mftn%s 1/M mt ju prlireccm tmfk`n9um jtenaa j%n`ntn%=

6kesm H # Fl`suatetnl` jm ae ce"trnsm jlmuvrm

Fl`tm`u prn`fnpea # Maedlretnl` ju jlssnmr jm fe`jnjeturm plur ae samftnl` jm a9unpm

D 0naam jm Jl`, *++, 5erfk pudanf- 5nssnl` j'essnste`fm ae cetrnsm j'luvreim plur ae fl`fmptnl` mt aereansetnl` j'u` irlupm sflaenrm smal` u`m jcerfkm jm eutm ;ueant +`vnrl``mcm`team, pp= - HD=

- DK -

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jm ce"trnsm jlmuvrm ju prl4mt, rpl`sms eu' 9umstnl`s jms fe`jnjets, eujntnl` jms

fe`jnjets mt repplrt je`ea$sm jms fe`jnjeturms=

6kesm D # Essnste`fm pm`je`t ae fl`fmptnl` ju prl4mt Olptnl`B

Fl`tm`u prn`fnpea # Vunvn jms tepms ju prl4mt, rjeftnl` jm repplrts jtepm, essnste`fmplur ae reansetnl` ju JFM mt vmnaam eu rmspmft jm ae cnsm m` pretn9um jms fndams 1/M per