8
LEC II, s. 2, Lecture no. 1 Lecture no. 1 GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES OF THE VERB PERSON – a grammatical category that e!re""e" the relatio#"hi! $et%ee# the "&$'ect a#( it" )er$ a#( i#(icate" %hether the !er"o# i" "!ea*i#g a$o&t it"el+ ,- "t  !er"o#./ %hether the !er"o# i" $ei#g "!o*e# to ,0 #(  !er"o#./ or %hether the !er"o# i" $ei#g "!o*e# a$o&t ,1 r(  !er"o#2  N3MBER – a grammatical category that e! re""e" co&#t (i"ti#ctio#"2 There are t%o #&m$er" i# E#gli"h4 "i#g&lar a#( !l&ral MOO5 – the grammatical category $y %hich mo(ality i" e!re""e(/ re+lecti#g the attit&(e o+ the "!ea*er to%ar(" the actio# or "tate e!re""e( $y the )er$2 There are +o&r +i#ite moo("4 I#(icati)e/ Co#(itio#al/ S&$'&#cti)e/ Im!erati)e6 a#( three #o#7+i#ite moo("4 I#+i#iti)e/ Ger&#(/ Partici!le2 TENSE – re!re"e#t" the corre"!o#(e#ce $et%ee# the +orm o+ the )er$ a#( o&r co#ce!t o+ time ,time – a" a &#i)er"al #o#7li#g&i"tic co#ce!t %ith three (i)i"io#"4 !a"t/ !re"e#t/ +&t&re. There are three $a"ic ty!e" o+ Present4 timele"" ,Sim!le Pre"e#t./ limite( ,Pre"e#t Co#ti#&o&". a#( i#"ta#ta#eo&" ,"im!le or coti#&o&" Pre"e#t. A# actio# i# the Past may $e "ee# a" ha)i#g ta*e# !lace4 at a !artic&lar !oi#t i# time Pa"t Sim!le o)er a !erio( o+ time ete#(i#g &! to the !re"e#t Pre"e#t Per+ect rela ti#g o#ly to the !a"t com!lete( Pa"t Sim!le #ot com!l ete ( Pa "t Co#ti#&o &" o)er a !erio( o+ time ete#(i#g &! to the !a"t re+ere#ce com!lete( Pa"t Per+ect #ot com!le te( Pa "t Pe r+ ec t Co#t i#&o&"  A# actio# i# the Future i" re#(ere( $y mea#" o+ mo(al a&iliarie" or "emi7aiiarie" $y the "im!le !re"e#t or !re"e#t co#ti#&o&"2 ASPECT ,Grammatical a"!ect. i" the )er$al +orm %hich e!re""e" the (&ratio# o+ the actio# or "tate ,i#(e+i#ite (&ratio#/ "hort (&ratio#/ lo#g (&ratio#6 +re8&e#tati)e actio#" or "tate". -2 Sim!le 9 I#(e+i#ite A"!ect 02 Progre""i)e 9 Co#ti#&o&" A"!ect 12 Fre8&e#tati)e A"!ect :2 Per+ecti)e A"!ect VOICE – grammatical category %hich "ho%" the relatio#"hi! $et%ee# the grammatical "&$'ect a#( the actio#2 There are t%o )oice"4 Acti)e Voice a#( Pa""i )e Voice2 FO3R BASIC FORMS OF THE VERB E#gli"h )er$" ha)e +o&r $a"ic +orm" %hich hel! o#e to co#'&gate them more "y"tematically4 the "hort i#(e+i#ite i#+i#iti)e ,V - ./ the !a"t te#"e – i#(icati)e moo( ,the !reterite. ,V 0 ./ the !a"t  !artici!le ,V 1 ./ the i#(e+i#ite !artici!le ,V i#g .2 MAIN A3;ILIARIES Do &"e ( i# the co#' &gat io# o+ a )er$ i# the "im!l e !r e"e#t or "im! le !a"t ,5I5./ i#terrogati)e a#( #egati)e +orm"6 +ollo%e( $y the )er$ to $e co#'&gate( i# the "hort i#(e+i#ite i#+i#iti)e2 Have – &"e( i# the co#'&gatio# o+ the )er$" i# the Per+ect a"!ect6 the )er$ to $e co#'&gate( i" i# the !a"t !artici!le2 Be 7 &"e( i# the co#'&gatio# o+ the )er$" i# the Co#ti#&o&" a"!ect6 the )er$ to $e co#'&gate( i" i# the !re"e#t !artici!le2

LEC II, 2, curs 1

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8/12/2019 LEC II, 2, curs 1

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LEC II, s. 2, Lecture no. 1

Lecture no. 1

GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES OF THE VERB

PERSON – a grammatical category that e!re""e" the relatio#"hi! $et%ee# the "&$'ect a#( it"

)er$ a#( i#(icate" %hether the !er"o# i" "!ea*i#g a$o&t it"el+ ,- "t !er"o#./ %hether the !er"o# i" $ei#g

"!o*e# to ,0#( !er"o#./ or %hether the !er"o# i" $ei#g "!o*e# a$o&t ,1r( !er"o#2

 N3MBER – a grammatical category that e!re""e" co&#t (i"ti#ctio#"2 There are t%o #&m$er"

i# E#gli"h4 "i#g&lar a#( !l&ral

MOO5 – the grammatical category $y %hich mo(ality i" e!re""e(/ re+lecti#g the attit&(e o+

the "!ea*er to%ar(" the actio# or "tate e!re""e( $y the )er$2 There are +o&r +i#ite moo("4 I#(icati)e/

Co#(itio#al/ S&$'&#cti)e/ Im!erati)e6 a#( three #o#7+i#ite moo("4 I#+i#iti)e/ Ger&#(/ Partici!le2

TENSE – re!re"e#t" the corre"!o#(e#ce $et%ee# the +orm o+ the )er$ a#( o&r co#ce!t o+ time

,time – a" a &#i)er"al #o#7li#g&i"tic co#ce!t %ith three (i)i"io#"4 !a"t/ !re"e#t/ +&t&re.

There are three $a"ic ty!e" o+ Present4 timele"" ,Sim!le Pre"e#t./ limite( ,Pre"e#t

Co#ti#&o&". a#( i#"ta#ta#eo&" ,"im!le or coti#&o&" Pre"e#t.A# actio# i# the Past may $e "ee# a" ha)i#g ta*e# !lace4at a !artic&lar !oi#t i# time Pa"t Sim!le

o)er a !erio( o+ time ete#(i#g &! to the !re"e#t Pre"e#t Per+ect

relati#g o#ly to the !a"t com!lete( Pa"t Sim!le

#ot com!lete( Pa"t Co#ti#&o&"

o)er a !erio( o+ time ete#(i#g &! to the !a"t

re+ere#ce

com!lete( Pa"t Per+ect

#ot com!lete( Pa"t Per+ect Co#ti#&o&"

  A# actio# i# the Future i" re#(ere( $y mea#" o+ mo(al a&iliarie" or "emi7aiiarie" $y the

"im!le !re"e#t or !re"e#t co#ti#&o&"2

ASPECT ,Grammatical a"!ect. i" the )er$al +orm %hich e!re""e" the (&ratio# o+ the actio#

or "tate ,i#(e+i#ite (&ratio#/ "hort (&ratio#/ lo#g (&ratio#6 +re8&e#tati)e actio#" or "tate".-2 Sim!le 9 I#(e+i#ite A"!ect

02 Progre""i)e 9 Co#ti#&o&" A"!ect

12 Fre8&e#tati)e A"!ect

:2 Per+ecti)e A"!ect

VOICE – grammatical category %hich "ho%" the relatio#"hi! $et%ee# the grammatical

"&$'ect a#( the actio#2 There are t%o )oice"4 Acti)e Voice a#( Pa""i)e Voice2

FO3R BASIC FORMS OF THE VERB

E#gli"h )er$" ha)e +o&r $a"ic +orm" %hich hel! o#e to co#'&gate them more "y"tematically4

the "hort i#(e+i#ite i#+i#iti)e ,V-./ the !a"t te#"e – i#(icati)e moo( ,the !reterite. ,V0./ the !a"t

 !artici!le ,V1./ the i#(e+i#ite !artici!le ,Vi#g.2

MAIN A3;ILIARIES

Do  – &"e( i# the co#'&gatio# o+ a )er$ i# the "im!le !re"e#t or "im!le !a"t ,5I5./

i#terrogati)e a#( #egati)e +orm"6 +ollo%e( $y the )er$ to $e co#'&gate( i# the "hort i#(e+i#ite

i#+i#iti)e2

Have – &"e( i# the co#'&gatio# o+ the )er$" i# the Per+ect a"!ect6 the )er$ to $e co#'&gate( i"

i# the !a"t !artici!le2

Be 7 &"e( i# the co#'&gatio# o+ the )er$" i# the Co#ti#&o&" a"!ect6 the )er$ to $e co#'&gate( i"

i# the !re"e#t !artici!le2

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LEC II, s. 2, Lecture no. 1

THE INDICATIVE MOOD

THE PRESENT TENSES

There are t%o te#"e" re+erri#g "trictly to the !re"e#t i# E#gli"h4 the Pre"e#t Co#ti#&o&"4 I am

working 2 a#( the Sim!le Pre"e#t4 I work 2

THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE 

Form

 Rule2 The !re"e#t co#ti#&o&" te#"e i" +orme( %ith the !re"e#t te#"e o+ the a&iliary )er$ be < the

 !re"e#t !artici!le o+ the )er$ to $e co#'&gate(2

F&ll +orm" Form Affirmative Negative Interrogative Negative

interrogative

number peron

"i#g&lar -"t I am %or*i#g I am #ot %or*i#g am I %or*i#g= am I #ot %or*i#g=

0#( yo& are %or*i#g yo& are #ot %or*i#g are yo& %or*i#g= are yo& #ot %or*i#g=

1r( he9"he9it i" %or*i#g he9"he9it i" #ot%or*i#g

i" he9"he9it %or*i#g= i" he9"he9it #ot%or*i#g=

 !l&ral -"t %e are %or*i#g %e are #ot %or*i#g are %e %or*i#g= are %e #ot %or*i#g=

0#( yo& are %or*i#g yo& are #ot %or*i#g are yo& %or*i#g= are yo& #ot %or*i#g=

1r( they are %or*i#g they are #ot %or*i#g are they %or*i#g= are they #ot %or*i#g=

Co#tracte( +orm" Form Affirmative Negative Interrogative Negative

interrogative

number peron

"i#g&lar -"t I>m %or*i#g I>m #ot %or*i#g are#>t I %or*i#g=

0#( yo&>re %or*i#g yo&>re #ot %or*i#g

yo& are#>t %or*i#g

 ,%here.>re yo&

%or*i#g=

are#>t yo& %or*i#g=

1r( he>" %or*i#g

"he>" %or*i#git>" %or*i#g

he>"9 "he>" 9 it>" #ot

%or*i#ghe 9 "he 9 it i"#>t %or*i#g

 ,%hy.>" he

%or*i#g=

i" he9"he9it #ot

%or*i#g=

 !l&ral -"t %e>re %or*i#g %e>re #ot %or*i#g%e are#>t %or*i#g

,%here.>re %e%or*i#g=

are#>t %e %or*i#g=

0#( yo&>re %or*i#g yo&>re #ot %or*i#g

yo& are#>t %or*i#g

,%here.>re yo&

%or*i#g=

are#>t yo& %or*i#g=

1r( they>re %or*i#g they>re #ot %or*i#g

they are#>t %or*i#g

,%here.>re they

%or*i#g=

are#>t they %or*i#g=

The "!elli#g o+ the !re"e#t !artici!le

 Rule E!ample E!"eption E!ample-2 ?he# a )er$ e#(" i# a "i#gle

e/ thi" e i" (ro!!e( $e+ore ing

argue # arguing 

$ate % 

love #

the )er$" age, dye a#( singe

)er$" e#(i#g i# ee

age % ageing 

&'e %

 inge #

agree % 

 ee #

02 a2 ?he# a o#e7"ylla$le )er$

ha" o#e )o%el a#( e#(" i# a

"i#gle co#"o#a#t/ thi"

co#"o#a#t i" (o&$le( $e+ore

ing2

 $2 Ver$" o+ t%o or more

"ylla$le" %ho"e la"t "ylla$leco#tai#" o#ly o#e )o%el a#(

$it#

run #

 top #

a&mit #

begin #

Ver$" o+ t%o or more "ylla$le"

%ho"e la"t "ylla$le co#tai#"

o#ly o#e )o%el a#( e#(" i# a

"i#gle co#"o#a#t (o #ot (o&$le

thi" co#"o#a#t &#le"" the "tre""

+all" o# the la"t "ylla$le2

bu&get #

enter #

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LEC II, s. 2, Lecture no. 1

e#(" i# a "i#gle co#"o#a#t

(o&$le thi" co#"o#a#t i+ the

"tre"" +all" o# the la"t "ylla$le2

c2 O#e +i#al l a+ter a "i#gle

)o%el i"/ ho%e)er/ al%ay"

(o&$le( i# Briti"h E#gli"h2

 prefer #

 ignal #

travel #

12 Ing i" a((e( to a )er$

e#(i#g i# y %itho&t a++ecti#g

the "!elli#g o+ the )er$2

"arr' #

en(o' #

$urr' #

tr' #

7 7

3SES OF THE PRESENT CONTIN3O3S TENSE

Mai# &"e"

Ue E!ample

-2 A# actio# ha!!e#i#g #o% 9 at the mome#t o+

"!ea*i#g

 It i raining)

 I am not wearing a "oat a it in*t "ol&)

+$' are 'ou itting at m' &ek,

+$at* t$e bab' &oing, - He* tearing up a ./note)

02 A# actio# ha!!e#i#g a$o&t thi" time $&t #ot

#ece""arily at the mome#t o+ "!ea*i#g2

 I am rea&ing a pla' b' S$aw) 

 He i tea"$ing Fren"$ an& learning 0reek)

Rule2 ?he# t%o co#ti#&o&" te#"e" ha)i#g the "ame

"&$'ect are 'oi#e( $y an& / the a&iliary may $e

(ro!!e( $e+ore the "eco#( )er$2 Thi" a!!lie" to all

 !air" o+ com!o&#( te#"e"2

 He i tea"$ing Fren"$ an& learning 0reek)

S$e wa knitting an& litening to t$e ra&io)

12 A (e+i#ite arra#geme#t i# the #ear +&t&re ,the

mo"t &"&al %ay o+ e!re""i#g o#e>" imme(iate

 !la#".2 The time o+ the actio# m&"t al%ay" $e

me#tio#e(/ a" other%i"e there might $e co#+&"io#

 $et%ee# !re"e#t a#( +&t&re mea#i#g"6 "ome a#( go/ho%e)er/ ca# $e &"e( i# thi" %ay %itho&t a time

e!re""io#2

 I*m meeting Peter tonig$t) He i taking me to t$e

t$eatre)

 Are 'ou &oing an't$ing tomorrow afternoon, -

1e2 I*m pla'ing tenni wit$ Ann)

Other !o""i$le &"e" o+ the Pre"e#t Co#ti#&o&"

Ue E!ample

-2 ?ith a !oi#t i# time or a )er$ i# the "im!le

 !re"e#t to i#(icate a# actio# %hich $egi#"

 $e+ore thi" !oi#t a#( !ro$a$ly co#ti#&e" a+ter

it2The !re"e#t co#ti#&o&" i" rarely &"e( i# thi" %ay

ece!t i# (e"cri!tio#" o+ (aily ro&ti#e a#( i#

(ramatic #arrati)e/ $&t the !a"t co#ti#&o&" i" o+te#com$i#e( %ith a !oi#t i# time or a )er$ i# the

"im!le !a"t2

 At i! I am bat$ing t$e bab') ,I "tart $athi#g him

 $e+ore "i2.

T$e' are fl'ing over t$e &eert w$en one of t$e engine

 fail)

02 ?ith always, chie+ly i# the a++irmati)e/ +or a

+re8&e#tly re!eate( actio#/ &"&ally %he# the

+re8&e#cy a##oy" the "!ea*er or "eem"

&#rea"o#a$le to him2

The +ir"t !er"o# i" al"o !o""i$le here2 The

re!eate( actio# the# i" &"&ally acci(e#tal2

 He i alwa' loing $i ke')

Tom i alwa' going awa' for weeken& im!lie" that

he goe" a%ay )ery o+te#/ !ro$a$ly too o+te# i# the

"!ea*er>" o!i#io#2 B&t it (oe" #ot #ece""arily mea#

that he goe" a%ay e)ery %ee*e#(2 It i" #ot a literal

"tateme#t2 7 Tom alwa' goe awa' at weeken& 3

Tom goe awa' ever' weeken&) ,a literal "tateme#t.

 I*m alwa' making t$at mitake)

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LEC II, s. 2, Lecture no. 1

?ith always, it al"o e!re""e" a# actio# %hich

a!!ear" to $e co#ti#&o&"2 Thi" "ort o+ actio#

8&ite o+te# a##oy" the "!ea*er $&t (oe"#>t

#ece""arily (o "o2

The +ir"t !er"o# co&l( $e &"e( here too2 The

actio# the# i" &"&ally (eli$erate2

 He* alwa' working 3 He work t$e w$ole time)

 He* alwa' rea&ing co&l( im!ly that he "!e#(" too

m&ch time rea(i#g/ $&t co&l( al"o $e "ai( i# a to#e o+

a!!ro)al2

 I*m alwa' "leaning t$e win&ow at t$e weeken&)

VERBS NOT NORMALL@ 3SE5 IN THE CONTIN3O3S TENSES

The co#ti#&o&" te#"e" are chie+ly &"e( +or (eli$erate actio#"2 Some )er$" are/ there+ore/ #ot

#ormally &"e( i# the co#ti#&o&" a#( ha)e o#ly o#e !re"e#t te#"e/ the "im!le !re"e#t2 The"e )er$" ca#

 $e gro&!e( a" +ollo%"4

-2 Ver$" o+ the

"e#"e"

,i#)ol&#tary

actio#".

eel, !ear, see, s"ell6

notice, o#serve , #otice.

eel/ loo$ / taste &"e( a" li#* )er$"2

+at"$4 - I am wat"$ing but I &on*t

 ee an't$ing unuual)

 He i litening to a tape2 but $e*wearing earp$one o nobo&' ele

$ear it)

Ece!tio#

Ver$" "&ch a" ga%e, listen, loo$   ,at./o#serve  , %atch./ stare  a#( watc!

im!ly (eli$erate &"e o+ the "e#"e"/ a#(

ca# $e &"e( i# the co#ti#&o&" te#"e"2

02 Ver$"

e!re""i#g

+eeli#g" a#(

emotio#"2

ad"ire , re"!ect./ adore, a&&reciate 

, )al&e./ care or , li*e./ desire,

detest, disli$e, ear, !ate, li$e, loat!e,

love, "ind , care./ res&ect, value,

want, wis!2

 He $ate tourit pla"e an& $e &oen*t

min& t$e "ol&)

 He* en(o'ing $i $oli&a' in t$e

 Ar"ti")

 I*m min&ing m' own buine) How are 'ou liking56o 'ou like 'our

new (ob, - I*m $ating it5I $ate it) I

 (ut &on*t like work2 'ou ee)

Ece!tio#

The co#ti#&o&" ca# $e &"e( %ith

ad"ire  loo* at %ith a(miratio#>/

a&&reciate  i#crea"e i# )al&e>/

care or loo* a+ter>/

long or  loo* a+ter>

"ind  co#cer# o#e"el+ %ith>/

value  e"timate the +i#a#cial %orth o+/

en'oy/ li$e(love e#'oy>/

!ate  #ot e#'oy>

it i" "a+er to &"e the "im!le te#"e"

%ith li$e/ love a#( !ate2

12 Ver$" o+

me#tal acti)ity

agree, a&&reciate  , &#(er"ta#(./

assu"e, #elieve, e)&ect  , thi#*./ eel

, thi#*./ eel sure(certain, orget,$now, "ean, &erceive, reali%e, recall,

recogni%e, recollect, re"e"#er, see  ,

&#(er"ta#(./ see t!roug! so"eone  ,

 !e#etrate hi" attem!t to (ecei)e./

su&&ose, t!in$   , ha)e a# o!i#io#./

trust  , $elie)e9ha)e co#+i(e#ce i#./

understand2

Ece!tio#

The co#ti#&o&" ca# $e &"e( %ith

a&&reciate  to i#crea"e i# )al&e>2

:2 Ver$" o+

 !o""e""io#

#elong, owe, own, &ossess  How mu"$ &o I owe 'ou,

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LEC II, s. 2, Lecture no. 1

D2 The

a&iliarie"/

ece!t #e a#(

!ave i# certai#

&"e"

a&&ear , "eem./ concern, consist,

contain, !old , co#tai#./ $ee& ,

co#ti#&e./ "atter, see", signiy, sound 

, "eem9a!!ear.2

 It "on"ern u all)

T$i bo! "ontain e!ploive)

1ou are being ru&e4

S$e i $aving a $ower)Ece!tio#

a&&ear  to come $e+ore the !&$lic>

ca# $e &"e( i# the co#ti#&o&"2

FEEL

#ot! *i"&le and Continuous +s&ect only *i"&le +s&ect

eel < a# a('ecti)e i#(icati#g the "&$'ect>" emotio#"

or hi" !hy"ical or me#tal co#(itio#/ e2g2 angr' 5

 pleae&2 $app' 5 a&2 $ot 5 "ol&2 tene 5 rela!e&2

nervou 5 "onfi&ent 

 How &o 'ou feel5are 'ou feeling, - I feel5am feeling

better)

eel %he# it mea#" "e#"e>/

 6on*t 'ou feel t$e $oue $aking,

eel  to&ch> ,&"&ally i# or(er to lear# "omethi#g.

T$e &o"tor wa feeling $er pule)

thi#*>

 I feel 'ou are wrong eel or  try to +i#( "omethi#g $y to&chi#g>

 He wa feeling for t$e ke'$ole in t$e &ark)

%he# it i" &"e( a" a li#* )er$

T$e water feel "ol&)

L- 

#ot! *i"&le and Continuous +s&ect only *i"&le +s&ect

loo$ at/ loo$   &"e( a" a li#* )er$

T$at "ake look goo&)

loo$ or(in(into(out

 He i looking for $i glae)

 I*m looking out for a better (ob)

loo$ on , co#"i(er.

loo$ on , %atch. loo$ u& to , re"!ect.loo$ down on , (e"!i"e.

*0ELL

#ot! *i"&le and Continuous +s&ect only *i"&le +s&ect

"mell "#i++ at>4

 6oe it mell our,

s"ell  !ercei)e a "ce#t9a# o(o&r>

 I mell ga)

s"ell &"e( a" a li#* )er$

T$i "ake mell &eli"iou2

+*E

#ot! *i"&le and Continuous +s&ect only *i"&le +s&ect

ta"te mea#i#g to te"t the +la)o&r o+ S$e wa tating t$e pu&&ing to ee if it wa

 weet enoug$)

taste a" a li#* )er$T$i "offee tate bitter 2 ,ha" a $itter ta"te.

*EE

#ot! *i"&le and Continuous +s&ect only *i"&le +s&ect

see  meet $y a!!oi#tme#t> ,&"&ally +or $&"i#e""./

i#ter)ie%>

T$e &ire"tor i eeing t$e appli"ant t$i morning)

 I am eeing m' oli"itor tomorrow)  )

see  !recei)e thro&gh the eye">/

 6o 'ou ee an' bir& in t$e k',

see  )i"it> ,&"&ally a" a to&ri"t.

Tom i eeing t$e town5t$e ig$t)"ee i# the +ollo%i#g com$i#atio#"

see a#out  ma*e arra#geme#t" or e#8&irie"4

8/12/2019 LEC II, 2, curs 1

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lec-ii-2-curs-1 6/8

LEC II, s. 2, Lecture no. 1

+e are eeing about a work permit5or 'ou) ,tryi#g to

arra#ge thi".

see to  arra#ge/ !&t right/ (eal %ith4

T$e plumber i $ere) He i eeing to t$e leak in our

tank)

see "ome$o(y out  e"cort him9her to the (oor2

see "ome$o(y !o"e  e"cort him9her home2

see "ome$o(y to < !lace e"cort him9her to < !lace4

 ANN  7 I 8ill eeing 'ou $ome after t$e part',

 9AR1 7 No2 $e* (ut eeing me to m' bu)

see "omeo#e o   "ay goo($ye to a (e!arti#g

tra)eller at the "tarti#g !oi#t o+ hi" 'o&r#ey ,&"&ally

the "tatio#/ air!ort etc2.4 +e*re leaving tomorrow) 8ill

i eeing u off at t$e airport)

HE+R 

#ot! *i"&le and Continuous +s&ect only *i"&le +s&ect

hear li"te# +ormally to> ,com!lai#t"9e)i(e#ce etc2.T$e "ourt i $earing evi&en"e t$i afternoon)

!ear  recei)e #e%" or letter">/ o#ly i# the !re"e#t

 !er+ect a#( +&t&re co#ti#&o&"

 I*ve been $earing all about 'our a""i&ent)

1ou:ll be $earing about t$e new "$eme at our ne!t

meeting)

 HI-  

#ot! *i"&le and Continuous +s&ect only *i"&le +s&ect

%he# #o o!i#io# i" gi)e# or a"*e( +or 

+$at are 'ou t$inking about, - I*m t$inking about

t$e pla' we aw lat nig$t)

%he# t!in$  re+er" to gi)i#g or a"i#g +or

o!i#io#

+$at &o 'ou t$ink of it, ,o!i#io# a"*e( +or.- I &on*t t$ink mu"$ of it) ,o!i#io# gi)e#.

Tom i t$inking of emigrating) +$at &o 'ou t$ink of t$e i&ea, - I t$ink it i a tupi& i&ea) He $oul&

 ta' w$ere $e i)

+**30E 

#ot! *i"&le and Continuous +s&ect only *i"&le +s&ect

a""&me acce!t a" a "tarti#g !oi#t>

 I*m auming t$at 'ou $ave time to &o a lot of

reear"$)

assu"e !o%er9co#trol o+ a co&#try or orga#i"atio#

T$e new government i auming power at on"e)

E4PEC 

#ot! *i"&le and Continuous +s&ect only *i"&le +s&ect

e!ect a%ait>

 I*m e!pe"ting a letter) S$e* e!pe"ting a bab' in

 9a')

8/12/2019 LEC II, 2, curs 1

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lec-ii-2-curs-1 7/8

LEC II, s. 2, Lecture no. 1

THE SI9P;E PRESENT TENSE 

Form

R&le2 I# the a++irmati)e/ the "im!le !re"e#t ha" the "ame +orm a" the "hort i#(e+i#ite i#+i#iti)e $&t a(("

a# s +or the thir( !er"o# "i#g&lar2 I# the other +orm" ,#egati)e/ i#terrogati)e./ the "im!le !re"e#t i"

+orme( %ith the hel! o+ the a&iliary &o <&oe i# the thir( !er"o# "i#g&lar. a#( the "hort i#(e+i#ite

i#+i#iti)e o+ the )er$ to $e co#'&gate(2

F&ll +orm" Form Affirmative Negative Interrogative Negative interrogative

number peron

"i#g&lar -"t I %or* I (o #ot %or* (o I %or*= (o I #ot %or*=

0#( yo& %or* yo& (o #ot %or* (o yo& %or*= (o yo& #ot %or*=

1r( he9"he9it %or*" he9"he9it (oe" #ot%or* 

(oe" he9"he9it%or*=

(oe" he9"he9it #ot %or*=

 !l&ral -"t %e %or* %e (o #ot %or* (o %e %or*= (o %e #ot %or*=

0#( yo& %or* yo& (o #ot %or* (o yo& %or*= (o yo& #ot %or*=

1r( they %or* they (o #ot %or* (o they %or*= (o they #ot %or*=

Co#tracte( +orm" Form Affirmative Negative Interrogative Negative interrogative

number peron

"i#g&lar -"t 7 I (o#>t %or* 7 (o#>t I %or*=

0#( 7 yo& (o#>t %or* 7 (o#>t yo& %or*=

1r( 7 he9"he9it (oe"#>t %or* 7 (oe"#>t he9"he9it %or*=

 !l&ral -"t 7 %e (o#>t %or* 7 (o#>t %e %or*=

0#( 7 yo& (o#>t %or* 7 (o#>t yo& %or*=

1r( 7 they (o#>t %or* 7 (o#>t they %or*=

S!elli#g #ote"

-2 Ver$" e#(i#g i# ss, s!, c!, ) a#( o a(( es/ i#"tea(

o+ s alo#e/ to +orm the thir( !er"o# "i#g&lar2

 I ki # $e kie I bo! # $e

 I ru$ # $e I &o # $e I wat"$ % $e I go # $e

02 ?he# y +ollo%" a co#"o#a#t %e cha#ge the y i#to

i a#( a(( es

E)ce&tion5

Ver$" e#(i#g i# y +ollo%i#g a )o%el o$ey the &"&al

r&le2

 I "arr' # $e "arrie I "op' # $e

 I tr' # $e

obe' # $e obe' I a' # $e a'

3SES OF THE PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE

Mai# &"e

Ue E!ample-2 Ha$it&al actio#"2

o+te# &"e( %ith a()er$" or a()er$ !hra"e" "&ch a"4

alwa'2 never2 o""aionall'2 often2 ometime2

uuall'2 ever' week2 on 9on&a'2 twi"e a 'ear  etc2

or %ith time cla&"e" e!re""i#g ro&ti#e or ha$it&al

actio#"4 w!enever a#( w!en , %he#e)er. are

 !artic&larly &"e+&l2

 He moke) 6og bark) Cat &rink milk)

 How often &o 'ou wa$ 'our $air,

 I go to "$ur"$ on Sun&a'

 It rain in winter)

+$enever it rain t$e roof teak)

+$en 'ou open t$e &oor a lig$t goe on)

Other !o""i$le &"e" o+ the Pre"e#t Sim!le

Ue E!am ple

-2 ?ith the )er$ say a#( other )er$" o+

comm&#icatio#/ %he# a"*i#g a$o&t or 8&oti#g+rom $oo*"/ #otice" or )ery rece#tly recei)e(

+$at &oe t$at noti"e a', - It a'2 :No parking)* 

+$at &oe t$e book a', - It a'2 :Cook ver' lowl')*  I ee 'ou*ve got a letter from Ann) +$at &oe $e a',

8/12/2019 LEC II, 2, curs 1

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LEC II, s. 2, Lecture no. 1

letter"2 - S$e a' $e i "oming to ;on&on ne!t week)

S$akepeare a'2 :Neit$er a borrower nor a len&er

be)*

S$akepeare a&vie u not to borrow or len&)

 A noti"e at t$e en& of t$e roa& warn people not to go

an' furt$er)

02 I# #e%"!a!er hea(li#e"2 MASS M3R5ERER ESCAPES6

PEACE TALS FAIL

12 For (ramatic #arrati)e4 %he# (e"cri$i#g the

actio# o+ a !lay/ o!era etc26 &"e( $y ra(io

comme#tator" at "!ort" e)e#t"/ !&$lic +&#ctio#"

etc2

+$en t$e "urtain rie2 =uliet i writing at $er &ek)

Su&&enl' t$e win&ow open an& a make& man enter)

:2 A !la##e( +&t&re actio# or "erie" o+ actio#"/

 !artic&larly %he# they re+er to a 'o&r#ey2 ,&"e(

 $y tra)el age#t".

+e leave ;on&on at >?)?? ne!t Tue&a' an& arrive in

 Pari at >@)??) +e pen& two $our in Pari an& leave

again at >/)??) +e arrive in Rome at >)@?2 pen& four

$our in Rome et")

D2 I#"tea( o+ the !re"e#t co#ti#&o&" %ith )er$"

%hich ca##ot $e &"e( i# the co#ti#&o&" +orm2

 I love 'ou $&t #ot I am loving 'ou

2 I# co#(itio#al "e#te#ce"/ ty!e -2  If I ee Ann I*ll ak $er)

Unle 'ou take t$e brake off t$e "ar won*t move)

2 I# time cla&"e"

,a. %he# there i" a# i(ea o+ ro&ti#e

,$. %he# the mai# )er$ i" i# a +&t&re +orm

 A oon a $e earn an' mone' $e pen& it)

S$e take t$e bo' to "$ool before $e goe to work)

 It will top raining oon) T$en we*ll go out) 3 +$en it

 top raining we:ll go out)