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8/12/2019 LEC II, 2, curs 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lec-ii-2-curs-1 1/8
LEC II, s. 2, Lecture no. 1
Lecture no. 1
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES OF THE VERB
PERSON – a grammatical category that e!re""e" the relatio#"hi! $et%ee# the "&$'ect a#( it"
)er$ a#( i#(icate" %hether the !er"o# i" "!ea*i#g a$o&t it"el+ ,- "t !er"o#./ %hether the !er"o# i" $ei#g
"!o*e# to ,0#( !er"o#./ or %hether the !er"o# i" $ei#g "!o*e# a$o&t ,1r( !er"o#2
N3MBER – a grammatical category that e!re""e" co&#t (i"ti#ctio#"2 There are t%o #&m$er"
i# E#gli"h4 "i#g&lar a#( !l&ral
MOO5 – the grammatical category $y %hich mo(ality i" e!re""e(/ re+lecti#g the attit&(e o+
the "!ea*er to%ar(" the actio# or "tate e!re""e( $y the )er$2 There are +o&r +i#ite moo("4 I#(icati)e/
Co#(itio#al/ S&$'&#cti)e/ Im!erati)e6 a#( three #o#7+i#ite moo("4 I#+i#iti)e/ Ger&#(/ Partici!le2
TENSE – re!re"e#t" the corre"!o#(e#ce $et%ee# the +orm o+ the )er$ a#( o&r co#ce!t o+ time
,time – a" a &#i)er"al #o#7li#g&i"tic co#ce!t %ith three (i)i"io#"4 !a"t/ !re"e#t/ +&t&re.
There are three $a"ic ty!e" o+ Present4 timele"" ,Sim!le Pre"e#t./ limite( ,Pre"e#t
Co#ti#&o&". a#( i#"ta#ta#eo&" ,"im!le or coti#&o&" Pre"e#t.A# actio# i# the Past may $e "ee# a" ha)i#g ta*e# !lace4at a !artic&lar !oi#t i# time Pa"t Sim!le
o)er a !erio( o+ time ete#(i#g &! to the !re"e#t Pre"e#t Per+ect
relati#g o#ly to the !a"t com!lete( Pa"t Sim!le
#ot com!lete( Pa"t Co#ti#&o&"
o)er a !erio( o+ time ete#(i#g &! to the !a"t
re+ere#ce
com!lete( Pa"t Per+ect
#ot com!lete( Pa"t Per+ect Co#ti#&o&"
A# actio# i# the Future i" re#(ere( $y mea#" o+ mo(al a&iliarie" or "emi7aiiarie" $y the
"im!le !re"e#t or !re"e#t co#ti#&o&"2
ASPECT ,Grammatical a"!ect. i" the )er$al +orm %hich e!re""e" the (&ratio# o+ the actio#
or "tate ,i#(e+i#ite (&ratio#/ "hort (&ratio#/ lo#g (&ratio#6 +re8&e#tati)e actio#" or "tate".-2 Sim!le 9 I#(e+i#ite A"!ect
02 Progre""i)e 9 Co#ti#&o&" A"!ect
12 Fre8&e#tati)e A"!ect
:2 Per+ecti)e A"!ect
VOICE – grammatical category %hich "ho%" the relatio#"hi! $et%ee# the grammatical
"&$'ect a#( the actio#2 There are t%o )oice"4 Acti)e Voice a#( Pa""i)e Voice2
FO3R BASIC FORMS OF THE VERB
E#gli"h )er$" ha)e +o&r $a"ic +orm" %hich hel! o#e to co#'&gate them more "y"tematically4
the "hort i#(e+i#ite i#+i#iti)e ,V-./ the !a"t te#"e – i#(icati)e moo( ,the !reterite. ,V0./ the !a"t
!artici!le ,V1./ the i#(e+i#ite !artici!le ,Vi#g.2
MAIN A3;ILIARIES
Do – &"e( i# the co#'&gatio# o+ a )er$ i# the "im!le !re"e#t or "im!le !a"t ,5I5./
i#terrogati)e a#( #egati)e +orm"6 +ollo%e( $y the )er$ to $e co#'&gate( i# the "hort i#(e+i#ite
i#+i#iti)e2
Have – &"e( i# the co#'&gatio# o+ the )er$" i# the Per+ect a"!ect6 the )er$ to $e co#'&gate( i"
i# the !a"t !artici!le2
Be 7 &"e( i# the co#'&gatio# o+ the )er$" i# the Co#ti#&o&" a"!ect6 the )er$ to $e co#'&gate( i"
i# the !re"e#t !artici!le2
8/12/2019 LEC II, 2, curs 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lec-ii-2-curs-1 2/8
LEC II, s. 2, Lecture no. 1
THE INDICATIVE MOOD
THE PRESENT TENSES
There are t%o te#"e" re+erri#g "trictly to the !re"e#t i# E#gli"h4 the Pre"e#t Co#ti#&o&"4 I am
working 2 a#( the Sim!le Pre"e#t4 I work 2
THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Form
Rule2 The !re"e#t co#ti#&o&" te#"e i" +orme( %ith the !re"e#t te#"e o+ the a&iliary )er$ be < the
!re"e#t !artici!le o+ the )er$ to $e co#'&gate(2
F&ll +orm" Form Affirmative Negative Interrogative Negative
interrogative
number peron
"i#g&lar -"t I am %or*i#g I am #ot %or*i#g am I %or*i#g= am I #ot %or*i#g=
0#( yo& are %or*i#g yo& are #ot %or*i#g are yo& %or*i#g= are yo& #ot %or*i#g=
1r( he9"he9it i" %or*i#g he9"he9it i" #ot%or*i#g
i" he9"he9it %or*i#g= i" he9"he9it #ot%or*i#g=
!l&ral -"t %e are %or*i#g %e are #ot %or*i#g are %e %or*i#g= are %e #ot %or*i#g=
0#( yo& are %or*i#g yo& are #ot %or*i#g are yo& %or*i#g= are yo& #ot %or*i#g=
1r( they are %or*i#g they are #ot %or*i#g are they %or*i#g= are they #ot %or*i#g=
Co#tracte( +orm" Form Affirmative Negative Interrogative Negative
interrogative
number peron
"i#g&lar -"t I>m %or*i#g I>m #ot %or*i#g are#>t I %or*i#g=
0#( yo&>re %or*i#g yo&>re #ot %or*i#g
yo& are#>t %or*i#g
,%here.>re yo&
%or*i#g=
are#>t yo& %or*i#g=
1r( he>" %or*i#g
"he>" %or*i#git>" %or*i#g
he>"9 "he>" 9 it>" #ot
%or*i#ghe 9 "he 9 it i"#>t %or*i#g
,%hy.>" he
%or*i#g=
i" he9"he9it #ot
%or*i#g=
!l&ral -"t %e>re %or*i#g %e>re #ot %or*i#g%e are#>t %or*i#g
,%here.>re %e%or*i#g=
are#>t %e %or*i#g=
0#( yo&>re %or*i#g yo&>re #ot %or*i#g
yo& are#>t %or*i#g
,%here.>re yo&
%or*i#g=
are#>t yo& %or*i#g=
1r( they>re %or*i#g they>re #ot %or*i#g
they are#>t %or*i#g
,%here.>re they
%or*i#g=
are#>t they %or*i#g=
The "!elli#g o+ the !re"e#t !artici!le
Rule E!ample E!"eption E!ample-2 ?he# a )er$ e#(" i# a "i#gle
e/ thi" e i" (ro!!e( $e+ore ing
argue # arguing
$ate %
love #
the )er$" age, dye a#( singe
)er$" e#(i#g i# ee
age % ageing
&'e %
inge #
agree %
ee #
02 a2 ?he# a o#e7"ylla$le )er$
ha" o#e )o%el a#( e#(" i# a
"i#gle co#"o#a#t/ thi"
co#"o#a#t i" (o&$le( $e+ore
ing2
$2 Ver$" o+ t%o or more
"ylla$le" %ho"e la"t "ylla$leco#tai#" o#ly o#e )o%el a#(
$it#
run #
top #
a&mit #
begin #
Ver$" o+ t%o or more "ylla$le"
%ho"e la"t "ylla$le co#tai#"
o#ly o#e )o%el a#( e#(" i# a
"i#gle co#"o#a#t (o #ot (o&$le
thi" co#"o#a#t &#le"" the "tre""
+all" o# the la"t "ylla$le2
bu&get #
enter #
8/12/2019 LEC II, 2, curs 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lec-ii-2-curs-1 3/8
LEC II, s. 2, Lecture no. 1
e#(" i# a "i#gle co#"o#a#t
(o&$le thi" co#"o#a#t i+ the
"tre"" +all" o# the la"t "ylla$le2
c2 O#e +i#al l a+ter a "i#gle
)o%el i"/ ho%e)er/ al%ay"
(o&$le( i# Briti"h E#gli"h2
prefer #
ignal #
travel #
12 Ing i" a((e( to a )er$
e#(i#g i# y %itho&t a++ecti#g
the "!elli#g o+ the )er$2
"arr' #
en(o' #
$urr' #
tr' #
7 7
3SES OF THE PRESENT CONTIN3O3S TENSE
Mai# &"e"
Ue E!ample
-2 A# actio# ha!!e#i#g #o% 9 at the mome#t o+
"!ea*i#g
It i raining)
I am not wearing a "oat a it in*t "ol&)
+$' are 'ou itting at m' &ek,
+$at* t$e bab' &oing, - He* tearing up a ./note)
02 A# actio# ha!!e#i#g a$o&t thi" time $&t #ot
#ece""arily at the mome#t o+ "!ea*i#g2
I am rea&ing a pla' b' S$aw)
He i tea"$ing Fren"$ an& learning 0reek)
Rule2 ?he# t%o co#ti#&o&" te#"e" ha)i#g the "ame
"&$'ect are 'oi#e( $y an& / the a&iliary may $e
(ro!!e( $e+ore the "eco#( )er$2 Thi" a!!lie" to all
!air" o+ com!o&#( te#"e"2
He i tea"$ing Fren"$ an& learning 0reek)
S$e wa knitting an& litening to t$e ra&io)
12 A (e+i#ite arra#geme#t i# the #ear +&t&re ,the
mo"t &"&al %ay o+ e!re""i#g o#e>" imme(iate
!la#".2 The time o+ the actio# m&"t al%ay" $e
me#tio#e(/ a" other%i"e there might $e co#+&"io#
$et%ee# !re"e#t a#( +&t&re mea#i#g"6 "ome a#( go/ho%e)er/ ca# $e &"e( i# thi" %ay %itho&t a time
e!re""io#2
I*m meeting Peter tonig$t) He i taking me to t$e
t$eatre)
Are 'ou &oing an't$ing tomorrow afternoon, -
1e2 I*m pla'ing tenni wit$ Ann)
Other !o""i$le &"e" o+ the Pre"e#t Co#ti#&o&"
Ue E!ample
-2 ?ith a !oi#t i# time or a )er$ i# the "im!le
!re"e#t to i#(icate a# actio# %hich $egi#"
$e+ore thi" !oi#t a#( !ro$a$ly co#ti#&e" a+ter
it2The !re"e#t co#ti#&o&" i" rarely &"e( i# thi" %ay
ece!t i# (e"cri!tio#" o+ (aily ro&ti#e a#( i#
(ramatic #arrati)e/ $&t the !a"t co#ti#&o&" i" o+te#com$i#e( %ith a !oi#t i# time or a )er$ i# the
"im!le !a"t2
At i! I am bat$ing t$e bab') ,I "tart $athi#g him
$e+ore "i2.
T$e' are fl'ing over t$e &eert w$en one of t$e engine
fail)
02 ?ith always, chie+ly i# the a++irmati)e/ +or a
+re8&e#tly re!eate( actio#/ &"&ally %he# the
+re8&e#cy a##oy" the "!ea*er or "eem"
&#rea"o#a$le to him2
The +ir"t !er"o# i" al"o !o""i$le here2 The
re!eate( actio# the# i" &"&ally acci(e#tal2
He i alwa' loing $i ke')
Tom i alwa' going awa' for weeken& im!lie" that
he goe" a%ay )ery o+te#/ !ro$a$ly too o+te# i# the
"!ea*er>" o!i#io#2 B&t it (oe" #ot #ece""arily mea#
that he goe" a%ay e)ery %ee*e#(2 It i" #ot a literal
"tateme#t2 7 Tom alwa' goe awa' at weeken& 3
Tom goe awa' ever' weeken&) ,a literal "tateme#t.
I*m alwa' making t$at mitake)
8/12/2019 LEC II, 2, curs 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lec-ii-2-curs-1 4/8
LEC II, s. 2, Lecture no. 1
?ith always, it al"o e!re""e" a# actio# %hich
a!!ear" to $e co#ti#&o&"2 Thi" "ort o+ actio#
8&ite o+te# a##oy" the "!ea*er $&t (oe"#>t
#ece""arily (o "o2
The +ir"t !er"o# co&l( $e &"e( here too2 The
actio# the# i" &"&ally (eli$erate2
He* alwa' working 3 He work t$e w$ole time)
He* alwa' rea&ing co&l( im!ly that he "!e#(" too
m&ch time rea(i#g/ $&t co&l( al"o $e "ai( i# a to#e o+
a!!ro)al2
I*m alwa' "leaning t$e win&ow at t$e weeken&)
VERBS NOT NORMALL@ 3SE5 IN THE CONTIN3O3S TENSES
The co#ti#&o&" te#"e" are chie+ly &"e( +or (eli$erate actio#"2 Some )er$" are/ there+ore/ #ot
#ormally &"e( i# the co#ti#&o&" a#( ha)e o#ly o#e !re"e#t te#"e/ the "im!le !re"e#t2 The"e )er$" ca#
$e gro&!e( a" +ollo%"4
-2 Ver$" o+ the
"e#"e"
,i#)ol&#tary
actio#".
eel, !ear, see, s"ell6
notice, o#serve , #otice.
eel/ loo$ / taste &"e( a" li#* )er$"2
+at"$4 - I am wat"$ing but I &on*t
ee an't$ing unuual)
He i litening to a tape2 but $e*wearing earp$one o nobo&' ele
$ear it)
Ece!tio#
Ver$" "&ch a" ga%e, listen, loo$ ,at./o#serve , %atch./ stare a#( watc!
im!ly (eli$erate &"e o+ the "e#"e"/ a#(
ca# $e &"e( i# the co#ti#&o&" te#"e"2
02 Ver$"
e!re""i#g
+eeli#g" a#(
emotio#"2
ad"ire , re"!ect./ adore, a&&reciate
, )al&e./ care or , li*e./ desire,
detest, disli$e, ear, !ate, li$e, loat!e,
love, "ind , care./ res&ect, value,
want, wis!2
He $ate tourit pla"e an& $e &oen*t
min& t$e "ol&)
He* en(o'ing $i $oli&a' in t$e
Ar"ti")
I*m min&ing m' own buine) How are 'ou liking56o 'ou like 'our
new (ob, - I*m $ating it5I $ate it) I
(ut &on*t like work2 'ou ee)
Ece!tio#
The co#ti#&o&" ca# $e &"e( %ith
ad"ire loo* at %ith a(miratio#>/
a&&reciate i#crea"e i# )al&e>/
care or loo* a+ter>/
long or loo* a+ter>
"ind co#cer# o#e"el+ %ith>/
value e"timate the +i#a#cial %orth o+/
en'oy/ li$e(love e#'oy>/
!ate #ot e#'oy>
it i" "a+er to &"e the "im!le te#"e"
%ith li$e/ love a#( !ate2
12 Ver$" o+
me#tal acti)ity
agree, a&&reciate , &#(er"ta#(./
assu"e, #elieve, e)&ect , thi#*./ eel
, thi#*./ eel sure(certain, orget,$now, "ean, &erceive, reali%e, recall,
recogni%e, recollect, re"e"#er, see ,
&#(er"ta#(./ see t!roug! so"eone ,
!e#etrate hi" attem!t to (ecei)e./
su&&ose, t!in$ , ha)e a# o!i#io#./
trust , $elie)e9ha)e co#+i(e#ce i#./
understand2
Ece!tio#
The co#ti#&o&" ca# $e &"e( %ith
a&&reciate to i#crea"e i# )al&e>2
:2 Ver$" o+
!o""e""io#
#elong, owe, own, &ossess How mu"$ &o I owe 'ou,
8/12/2019 LEC II, 2, curs 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lec-ii-2-curs-1 5/8
LEC II, s. 2, Lecture no. 1
D2 The
a&iliarie"/
ece!t #e a#(
!ave i# certai#
&"e"
a&&ear , "eem./ concern, consist,
contain, !old , co#tai#./ $ee& ,
co#ti#&e./ "atter, see", signiy, sound
, "eem9a!!ear.2
It "on"ern u all)
T$i bo! "ontain e!ploive)
1ou are being ru&e4
S$e i $aving a $ower)Ece!tio#
a&&ear to come $e+ore the !&$lic>
ca# $e &"e( i# the co#ti#&o&"2
FEEL
#ot! *i"&le and Continuous +s&ect only *i"&le +s&ect
eel < a# a('ecti)e i#(icati#g the "&$'ect>" emotio#"
or hi" !hy"ical or me#tal co#(itio#/ e2g2 angr' 5
pleae&2 $app' 5 a&2 $ot 5 "ol&2 tene 5 rela!e&2
nervou 5 "onfi&ent
How &o 'ou feel5are 'ou feeling, - I feel5am feeling
better)
eel %he# it mea#" "e#"e>/
6on*t 'ou feel t$e $oue $aking,
eel to&ch> ,&"&ally i# or(er to lear# "omethi#g.
T$e &o"tor wa feeling $er pule)
thi#*>
I feel 'ou are wrong eel or try to +i#( "omethi#g $y to&chi#g>
He wa feeling for t$e ke'$ole in t$e &ark)
%he# it i" &"e( a" a li#* )er$
T$e water feel "ol&)
L-
#ot! *i"&le and Continuous +s&ect only *i"&le +s&ect
loo$ at/ loo$ &"e( a" a li#* )er$
T$at "ake look goo&)
loo$ or(in(into(out
He i looking for $i glae)
I*m looking out for a better (ob)
loo$ on , co#"i(er.
loo$ on , %atch. loo$ u& to , re"!ect.loo$ down on , (e"!i"e.
*0ELL
#ot! *i"&le and Continuous +s&ect only *i"&le +s&ect
"mell "#i++ at>4
6oe it mell our,
s"ell !ercei)e a "ce#t9a# o(o&r>
I mell ga)
s"ell &"e( a" a li#* )er$
T$i "ake mell &eli"iou2
+*E
#ot! *i"&le and Continuous +s&ect only *i"&le +s&ect
ta"te mea#i#g to te"t the +la)o&r o+ S$e wa tating t$e pu&&ing to ee if it wa
weet enoug$)
taste a" a li#* )er$T$i "offee tate bitter 2 ,ha" a $itter ta"te.
*EE
#ot! *i"&le and Continuous +s&ect only *i"&le +s&ect
see meet $y a!!oi#tme#t> ,&"&ally +or $&"i#e""./
i#ter)ie%>
T$e &ire"tor i eeing t$e appli"ant t$i morning)
I am eeing m' oli"itor tomorrow) )
see !recei)e thro&gh the eye">/
6o 'ou ee an' bir& in t$e k',
see )i"it> ,&"&ally a" a to&ri"t.
Tom i eeing t$e town5t$e ig$t)"ee i# the +ollo%i#g com$i#atio#"
see a#out ma*e arra#geme#t" or e#8&irie"4
8/12/2019 LEC II, 2, curs 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lec-ii-2-curs-1 6/8
LEC II, s. 2, Lecture no. 1
+e are eeing about a work permit5or 'ou) ,tryi#g to
arra#ge thi".
see to arra#ge/ !&t right/ (eal %ith4
T$e plumber i $ere) He i eeing to t$e leak in our
tank)
see "ome$o(y out e"cort him9her to the (oor2
see "ome$o(y !o"e e"cort him9her home2
see "ome$o(y to < !lace e"cort him9her to < !lace4
ANN 7 I 8ill eeing 'ou $ome after t$e part',
9AR1 7 No2 $e* (ut eeing me to m' bu)
see "omeo#e o "ay goo($ye to a (e!arti#g
tra)eller at the "tarti#g !oi#t o+ hi" 'o&r#ey ,&"&ally
the "tatio#/ air!ort etc2.4 +e*re leaving tomorrow) 8ill
i eeing u off at t$e airport)
HE+R
#ot! *i"&le and Continuous +s&ect only *i"&le +s&ect
hear li"te# +ormally to> ,com!lai#t"9e)i(e#ce etc2.T$e "ourt i $earing evi&en"e t$i afternoon)
!ear recei)e #e%" or letter">/ o#ly i# the !re"e#t
!er+ect a#( +&t&re co#ti#&o&"
I*ve been $earing all about 'our a""i&ent)
1ou:ll be $earing about t$e new "$eme at our ne!t
meeting)
HI-
#ot! *i"&le and Continuous +s&ect only *i"&le +s&ect
%he# #o o!i#io# i" gi)e# or a"*e( +or
+$at are 'ou t$inking about, - I*m t$inking about
t$e pla' we aw lat nig$t)
%he# t!in$ re+er" to gi)i#g or a"i#g +or
o!i#io#
+$at &o 'ou t$ink of it, ,o!i#io# a"*e( +or.- I &on*t t$ink mu"$ of it) ,o!i#io# gi)e#.
Tom i t$inking of emigrating) +$at &o 'ou t$ink of t$e i&ea, - I t$ink it i a tupi& i&ea) He $oul&
ta' w$ere $e i)
+**30E
#ot! *i"&le and Continuous +s&ect only *i"&le +s&ect
a""&me acce!t a" a "tarti#g !oi#t>
I*m auming t$at 'ou $ave time to &o a lot of
reear"$)
assu"e !o%er9co#trol o+ a co&#try or orga#i"atio#
T$e new government i auming power at on"e)
E4PEC
#ot! *i"&le and Continuous +s&ect only *i"&le +s&ect
e!ect a%ait>
I*m e!pe"ting a letter) S$e* e!pe"ting a bab' in
9a')
8/12/2019 LEC II, 2, curs 1
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LEC II, s. 2, Lecture no. 1
THE SI9P;E PRESENT TENSE
Form
R&le2 I# the a++irmati)e/ the "im!le !re"e#t ha" the "ame +orm a" the "hort i#(e+i#ite i#+i#iti)e $&t a(("
a# s +or the thir( !er"o# "i#g&lar2 I# the other +orm" ,#egati)e/ i#terrogati)e./ the "im!le !re"e#t i"
+orme( %ith the hel! o+ the a&iliary &o <&oe i# the thir( !er"o# "i#g&lar. a#( the "hort i#(e+i#ite
i#+i#iti)e o+ the )er$ to $e co#'&gate(2
F&ll +orm" Form Affirmative Negative Interrogative Negative interrogative
number peron
"i#g&lar -"t I %or* I (o #ot %or* (o I %or*= (o I #ot %or*=
0#( yo& %or* yo& (o #ot %or* (o yo& %or*= (o yo& #ot %or*=
1r( he9"he9it %or*" he9"he9it (oe" #ot%or*
(oe" he9"he9it%or*=
(oe" he9"he9it #ot %or*=
!l&ral -"t %e %or* %e (o #ot %or* (o %e %or*= (o %e #ot %or*=
0#( yo& %or* yo& (o #ot %or* (o yo& %or*= (o yo& #ot %or*=
1r( they %or* they (o #ot %or* (o they %or*= (o they #ot %or*=
Co#tracte( +orm" Form Affirmative Negative Interrogative Negative interrogative
number peron
"i#g&lar -"t 7 I (o#>t %or* 7 (o#>t I %or*=
0#( 7 yo& (o#>t %or* 7 (o#>t yo& %or*=
1r( 7 he9"he9it (oe"#>t %or* 7 (oe"#>t he9"he9it %or*=
!l&ral -"t 7 %e (o#>t %or* 7 (o#>t %e %or*=
0#( 7 yo& (o#>t %or* 7 (o#>t yo& %or*=
1r( 7 they (o#>t %or* 7 (o#>t they %or*=
S!elli#g #ote"
-2 Ver$" e#(i#g i# ss, s!, c!, ) a#( o a(( es/ i#"tea(
o+ s alo#e/ to +orm the thir( !er"o# "i#g&lar2
I ki # $e kie I bo! # $e
I ru$ # $e I &o # $e I wat"$ % $e I go # $e
02 ?he# y +ollo%" a co#"o#a#t %e cha#ge the y i#to
i a#( a(( es
E)ce&tion5
Ver$" e#(i#g i# y +ollo%i#g a )o%el o$ey the &"&al
r&le2
I "arr' # $e "arrie I "op' # $e
I tr' # $e
obe' # $e obe' I a' # $e a'
3SES OF THE PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE
Mai# &"e
Ue E!ample-2 Ha$it&al actio#"2
o+te# &"e( %ith a()er$" or a()er$ !hra"e" "&ch a"4
alwa'2 never2 o""aionall'2 often2 ometime2
uuall'2 ever' week2 on 9on&a'2 twi"e a 'ear etc2
or %ith time cla&"e" e!re""i#g ro&ti#e or ha$it&al
actio#"4 w!enever a#( w!en , %he#e)er. are
!artic&larly &"e+&l2
He moke) 6og bark) Cat &rink milk)
How often &o 'ou wa$ 'our $air,
I go to "$ur"$ on Sun&a'
It rain in winter)
+$enever it rain t$e roof teak)
+$en 'ou open t$e &oor a lig$t goe on)
Other !o""i$le &"e" o+ the Pre"e#t Sim!le
Ue E!am ple
-2 ?ith the )er$ say a#( other )er$" o+
comm&#icatio#/ %he# a"*i#g a$o&t or 8&oti#g+rom $oo*"/ #otice" or )ery rece#tly recei)e(
+$at &oe t$at noti"e a', - It a'2 :No parking)*
+$at &oe t$e book a', - It a'2 :Cook ver' lowl')* I ee 'ou*ve got a letter from Ann) +$at &oe $e a',
8/12/2019 LEC II, 2, curs 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lec-ii-2-curs-1 8/8
LEC II, s. 2, Lecture no. 1
letter"2 - S$e a' $e i "oming to ;on&on ne!t week)
S$akepeare a'2 :Neit$er a borrower nor a len&er
be)*
S$akepeare a&vie u not to borrow or len&)
A noti"e at t$e en& of t$e roa& warn people not to go
an' furt$er)
02 I# #e%"!a!er hea(li#e"2 MASS M3R5ERER ESCAPES6
PEACE TALS FAIL
12 For (ramatic #arrati)e4 %he# (e"cri$i#g the
actio# o+ a !lay/ o!era etc26 &"e( $y ra(io
comme#tator" at "!ort" e)e#t"/ !&$lic +&#ctio#"
etc2
+$en t$e "urtain rie2 =uliet i writing at $er &ek)
Su&&enl' t$e win&ow open an& a make& man enter)
:2 A !la##e( +&t&re actio# or "erie" o+ actio#"/
!artic&larly %he# they re+er to a 'o&r#ey2 ,&"e(
$y tra)el age#t".
+e leave ;on&on at >?)?? ne!t Tue&a' an& arrive in
Pari at >@)??) +e pen& two $our in Pari an& leave
again at >/)??) +e arrive in Rome at >)@?2 pen& four
$our in Rome et")
D2 I#"tea( o+ the !re"e#t co#ti#&o&" %ith )er$"
%hich ca##ot $e &"e( i# the co#ti#&o&" +orm2
I love 'ou $&t #ot I am loving 'ou
2 I# co#(itio#al "e#te#ce"/ ty!e -2 If I ee Ann I*ll ak $er)
Unle 'ou take t$e brake off t$e "ar won*t move)
2 I# time cla&"e"
,a. %he# there i" a# i(ea o+ ro&ti#e
,$. %he# the mai# )er$ i" i# a +&t&re +orm
A oon a $e earn an' mone' $e pen& it)
S$e take t$e bo' to "$ool before $e goe to work)
It will top raining oon) T$en we*ll go out) 3 +$en it
top raining we:ll go out)